From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH THE CHANGING WORLD OF WORKMany married women workers interviewed in 2003 said that theynow take decisions with their husbands on family matters, and 13 percent said that their husbands now shared some of the housework,especially shopping and cooking – a small but significant shift. ‘Thegarment sector has brought a silent revolution for women in oursociety,’ says Shirin Akter of Karmojibi Nari, an NGO supportingwomen workers. 97However, all too often, jobs in the proliferating garment factoriesand fruit farms have exacted a heavy toll in the form of excessivehours, workplace abuse, and long-term damage to women’s health.Fruit and flower pickers and packers from Colombia, Chile, the USA,and South Africa commonly report headaches, respiratory problems,and eye pain from handling pesticides. Garment factory workers fromBangladesh to Morocco commonly suffer headaches, coughing,vomiting, fever, and physical exhaustion. Poor ventilation in lint-filledrooms can lead to debilitating respiratory diseases. Hired in jobs thatdemand highly dexterous and repetitive movements, many womensuffer joint injuries and back, leg, and shoulder pain. 98Paid jobs are also largely in addition to women’s previous burdenof unpaid work. A study in Ghana showed that women were doing30–46 hours of unpaid caring work a week, while men in the samecategories did an average of eight to 11 hours a week of unpaid work. 99These statistics may even underestimate the degree of ‘time poverty’experienced by women, since the time use studies on which they arebased often fail to capture women’s ‘multi-tasking’ between a varietyof roles. 100Boxed in by long working hours and unreasonably high productiontargets, many women are unable to care for their children, and somove their daughters into their own previous roles, cutting short theireducation. Exhausted women stop participating in social organisations,depriving the broader community of their leadership, energy,and creativity. Angela, sewing garments in a Kenyan factory, expressesfrustration at her isolation from the wider community: ‘It is notpossible to do anything else. There is no time to take care of your ownchildren, visit people, do business, or go to college. Even going tochurch has become a problem …We are somehow isolated.’ 101151
FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FORMAL ANY MORE‘In La Paz, everyone works, but no-one has a job,’ jokes one Boliviangovernment official. According to the International LabourOrganization (ILO), formal, recognised non-agricultural employmentis in the minority across the developing world, varying from 45per cent of the working population in Asia to a mere 30 per cent insub-Saharan Africa. 102 In many countries, the so-called ‘informaleconomy’ has mushroomed in recent decades, driven by a combinationof technological shifts, globalisation, and government policy. InMalawi, only one in every 250 people has a formal job in the privatesector. 103During Latin America’s recession in the 1980s and the adjustmentof the 1990s, the informal economy acted as a gigantic sponge, soakingup those who had been sacked, or who were entering the workforce forthe first time. As Latin America’s streets became clogged with vendorsdesperately seeking customers, incomes plummeted. In La Paz, where60 per cent of the workforce is now in the informal economy, there isone street trader for every three families, and there are just not enoughbuyers to go round. 104In part, the informal economy flourishes because of the ‘barriers toentry’ for formal business. In Angola, starting a new business requires13 different procedures and 124 days, and costs almost 500 per cent ofthe average yearly income. By contrast, in the USA the same processrequires just five procedures, five days, and 0.7 per cent of the averageincome of an American. Surveys of self-employed workers and‘micro-enterprises’ show that they often prefer the informal sector asit offers more autonomy and flexibility. The picture is different, however,for waged workers in the informal economy, who usually hankerafter a formal job with a contract and benefits. 105Even when workers have an employer, work has become moreprecarious; increasing numbers of people are employed on a temporaryand casual basis, often without clear employee status. Their jobs arecharacterised by low or unstable wages, few if any benefits, little accessto social protection programmes, lack of coverage by labour legislation,and little or no respect for the internationally recognised rights tofreedom of association and collective bargaining. 106152
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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Page 125 and 126: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
Page 127 and 128: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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Page 137 and 138: FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
Page 139 and 140: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
Page 141 and 142: FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
Page 143 and 144: FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
Page 145 and 146: FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
Page 147 and 148: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
Page 149 and 150: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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Page 153 and 154: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
Page 163 and 164: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 165 and 166: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
Page 167: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
Page 171 and 172: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
Page 173 and 174: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
Page 175 and 176: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
Page 177 and 178: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
Page 179 and 180: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
Page 181 and 182: FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
Page 183 and 184: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
Page 185 and 186: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
Page 187 and 188: FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
Page 189 and 190: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
Page 191 and 192: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
Page 193 and 194: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
Page 195 and 196: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
Page 197 and 198: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
Page 199 and 200: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
Page 201 and 202: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
Page 203 and 204: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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Page 209 and 210: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 211 and 212: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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Page 215 and 216: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
Page 217 and 218: FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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