From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3 POVERTY AND WEALTH A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ECONOMICSTHE FEMINIST CRITIQUEMainstream economics fails to measure or value the production anddistribution of goods and services that lie outside the monetisedeconomy, notably unpaid work, such as child care, collecting fuelwood and water, or preparing food – precisely the activities that occupythe time and energies of most poor women and which are essential tosustain society. 6While social sustainability is valued in a general way, unpaid workis not recognised in national accounts, even though it subsidises thepaid work that does get counted, since it has to be done each day if theformal economy is to continue running. A UN report on measures ofunrecorded economic activities in 14 countries shows that unpaidwork in households is of the same magnitude as paid work in themarket. 7 Estimates of the value of household work as a proportion ofGDP vary from 35 per cent to 55 per cent. 8All this has huge implications for development policy, as well as forwomen’s rights. The time that unpaid caring work ‘takes away’ frompaid work is considered a drag on the ‘real economy’ rather than acontribution to it. Therefore only those who can work full-time fortheir entire lives – mostly men – are considered ‘real workers’, deservingof decent wages and benefits. The reality is that an increasing numberof households are ever more reliant on the lower earnings of women.This critique is not specifically or uniquely about women.However, the gap between the real and perceived contribution ofunpaid labour perpetuates inequality between women and men, andit can result in discrimination against women in public policy andinvestment decisions. Conventional economic analyses often end uprecommending infrastructure projects that address the need forirrigation but not for household water supplies, credit programmesthat give loans for oxen but not for corn-grinding mills or fuelefficientstoves, or labour policies that set minimum wages but do notguarantee a right to maternity leave.The fact that women and men do different kinds of work springsfrom a combination of inequality in power, built on social norms andinstitutions (known as patriarchy), and natural difference (womengive birth and breast-feed). The different value attributed by society to111
FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of women and men is by no means immutable and ought tobe changed, since it is both an outcome and a driver of systematic biasagainst women, transmitted through culture, the family, markets, andthe state.Differences between women and men in terms of what theyconsume also matter. Women on average choose to spend a higherproportion of their incomes on education and health care, whichenhances the well-being and capabilities of their families. Researchfrom many different contexts in both the developing and the developedworld shows a correlation between the proportion of moneycontrolled by women and improved child health. 9 Men are likely tospend a higher proportion of income on themselves, but are also morelikely to invest in longer-term enterprises, including small businesses,which do not bring immediate benefits to the family but may pay offhandsomely in the long run.By ignoring gender-based differences, policy makers may exacerbategender inequality. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, for example,women have generally been more adversely affected by trade liberalisation.Because of their relative disadvantages in gaining access tocredit, new technologies, and marketing networks, as well as theirrelative ‘time poverty’, women are slower than men to take advantageof new export opportunities. 10 At the same time, liberalisation hasincreased competition from imports in the domestic food market,where women farmers play a predominant role. In households inwhich women’s bargaining power is weak, men may pressure womento spend more time on cash crop production, while retaining controlover the proceeds.To date, feminist economics has not moved into the mainstream,despite overwhelming evidence that gender equity produces a moreprosperous and efficient economy, and despite women’s increasingrefusal to act as an infinite resource to be exploited without cost.If development is to succeed in reducing poverty and inequality,economics must acknowledge household politics and incorporate as apositive contribution the work invested in caring for the next generation.The global spread of women’s rights shows how fast attitudesabout women’s ‘proper’ role are changing. Conventional economicthinking needs to catch up.112
Page 3 and 4:
OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
Page 5 and 6:
First published by Oxfam Internatio
Page 7 and 8:
PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
Page 9:
LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
Page 12 and 13:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
Page 14 and 15:
FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17:
FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
Page 18 and 19:
PART ONE
Page 20 and 21:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
Page 22 and 23:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
Page 24 and 25:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
Page 26 and 27:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
Page 28 and 29:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
Page 30 and 31:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
Page 32 and 33:
1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
Page 34 and 35:
PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37:
2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39:
2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41:
I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
Page 42 and 43:
2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 53 and 54:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
Page 55 and 56:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
Page 57 and 58:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
Page 59 and 60:
FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
Page 61 and 62:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
Page 63 and 64:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
Page 65 and 66:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
Page 67 and 68:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
Page 69 and 70:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
Page 71 and 72:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
Page 75 and 76:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 79 and 80: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
Page 83 and 84: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
Page 85 and 86: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
Page 89 and 90: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
Page 91 and 92: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
Page 93 and 94: FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
Page 95 and 96: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
Page 97 and 98: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
Page 99 and 100: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
Page 101 and 102: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
Page 103 and 104: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
Page 105 and 106: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
Page 107 and 108: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
Page 111 and 112: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
Page 113 and 114: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
Page 115 and 116: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
Page 117 and 118: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
Page 119 and 120: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
Page 121 and 122: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
Page 123 and 124: FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
Page 125 and 126: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
Page 127: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
Page 131 and 132: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
Page 133 and 134: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
Page 135 and 136: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
Page 137 and 138: FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
Page 139 and 140: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
Page 141 and 142: FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
Page 143 and 144: FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
Page 145 and 146: FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
Page 147 and 148: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
Page 149 and 150: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
Page 151 and 152: FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
Page 153 and 154: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
Page 163 and 164: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 165 and 166: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
Page 167 and 168: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
Page 169 and 170: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
Page 171 and 172: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
Page 173 and 174: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
Page 175 and 176: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
Page 177 and 178: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
Page 179 and 180:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
Page 181 and 182:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
Page 183 and 184:
FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
Page 185 and 186:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
Page 187 and 188:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
Page 189 and 190:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
Page 191 and 192:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
Page 193 and 194:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
Page 195 and 196:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
Page 197 and 198:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
Page 199 and 200:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
Page 201 and 202:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
Page 203 and 204:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
Page 205 and 206:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
Page 207 and 208:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
Page 209 and 210:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 211 and 212:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
Page 213 and 214:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
Page 215 and 216:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
Page 217 and 218:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
Page 219 and 220:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
Page 221 and 222:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
Page 223 and 224:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
Page 225 and 226:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
Page 227 and 228:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
Page 229 and 230:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
Page 231 and 232:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
Page 233 and 234:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
Page 235 and 236:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
Page 237 and 238:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
Page 239 and 240:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
Page 241 and 242:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
Page 243 and 244:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
Page 245 and 246:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
Page 247 and 248:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
Page 249 and 250:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
Page 251 and 252:
FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
Page 253 and 254:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
Page 255 and 256:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
Page 257 and 258:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
Page 263 and 264:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
Page 265 and 266:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
Page 267 and 268:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
Page 269 and 270:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
Page 271 and 272:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
Page 273 and 274:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
Page 275 and 276:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
Page 277 and 278:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
Page 279 and 280:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
Page 281 and 282:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
Page 283 and 284:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
Page 285 and 286:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
Page 287 and 288:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
Page 289 and 290:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
Page 291 and 292:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
Page 293 and 294:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
Page 295 and 296:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
Page 297 and 298:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
Page 299 and 300:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
Page 301 and 302:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
Page 303 and 304:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
Page 305 and 306:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
Page 307 and 308:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
Page 309 and 310:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
Page 311 and 312:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
Page 313 and 314:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
Page 315 and 316:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
Page 317 and 318:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
Page 319 and 320:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
Page 321 and 322:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
Page 323 and 324:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
Page 325 and 326:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
Page 327 and 328:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
Page 329 and 330:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
Page 331 and 332:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
Page 333 and 334:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
Page 335 and 336:
THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
Page 337 and 338:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
Page 339 and 340:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
Page 341 and 342:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
Page 343 and 344:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
Page 345 and 346:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
Page 347 and 348:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
Page 349 and 350:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
Page 351 and 352:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
Page 353 and 354:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
Page 355 and 356:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
Page 357 and 358:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
Page 359 and 360:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
Page 361 and 362:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
Page 363 and 364:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
Page 365 and 366:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
Page 367 and 368:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
Page 369 and 370:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
Page 371 and 372:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
Page 373 and 374:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
Page 375 and 376:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
Page 377 and 378:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 379 and 380:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 381 and 382:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
Page 383 and 384:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
Page 385 and 386:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
Page 387 and 388:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
Page 389 and 390:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
Page 391 and 392:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
Page 393 and 394:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
Page 395 and 396:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
Page 397 and 398:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
Page 399 and 400:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
Page 401 and 402:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
Page 403 and 404:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
Page 405 and 406:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
Page 407 and 408:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
Page 409 and 410:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417 and 418:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 419 and 420:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
Page 421 and 422:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
Page 423 and 424:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
Page 427 and 428:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
Page 429 and 430:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
Page 431 and 432:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
Page 433 and 434:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
Page 435 and 436:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
Page 437 and 438:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
Page 439 and 440:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
Page 441 and 442:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
Page 443 and 444:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
Page 445 and 446:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
Page 447 and 448:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
Page 453 and 454:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
Page 455 and 456:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
Page 457 and 458:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
Page 459 and 460:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
Page 461 and 462:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
Page 463 and 464:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
Page 465 and 466:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
Page 467 and 468:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
Page 469 and 470:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
Page 471 and 472:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
Page 473 and 474:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
Page 475 and 476:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
Page 477 and 478:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479 and 480:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 481 and 482:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506:
FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516:
FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519 and 520:
FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 521 and 522:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
Page 523 and 524:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
Page 525 and 526:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527 and 528:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 529 and 530:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
Page 531 and 532:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
Page 533 and 534:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
Page 535 and 536:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
Page 537 and 538:
FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
Page 539 and 540:
FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
show all

From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?