From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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INDEXeffective states:active citizenship and 12–13, 19, 21, 46,59, 66, 76, 94–5b, 103, 196, 438; agriculturalpolicies 139, 141–3, 144, 196; anticorruption88–9; as change agent 436,437f; climate change and 264, 265–6, 267;decentralisation 97, 99–101; defined 12,19; development and 12, 13, 21, 90, 429;and economic growth 12, 19, 92–3, 179,182–4, 191, 193, 196; elites involvement36, 76, 95, 101; in global governance 104,292, 429; in HIV and AIDS protection234, 235–6; human rights and 21–2, 205;human security and 12, 19, 21, 90, 203–4,230, 241; hunger and famine and 230;and intellectual property laws 332; andinternational aid 354, 363, 365–6, 367,368, 371, 373, 380; international financialinstitutions and 302, 304, 307; internationalhumanitarian relief and 249–50;and international trade 187, 322, 332;and justice 97–8; labour rights and163–4, 196; natural resource management88–9, 93; NGO support 13, 373,379, 380; peace-building initiatives282–5, 402; politics and 95–7, 183; andpoverty reduction 141–2; private sectorrelationship 14, 163–4, 169, 178, 183; andproperty rights 73; public services and12, 40, 46, 47–51, 239; regulatorymeasures 21, 341, 347, 351; and socialcontract 14, 88, 96, 153, 315, 367;taxation and 97, 98–9; and transnationalcorporations 351, 352; violence reductionand 274, 282, 284; vulnerability and 14,21, 222, 250Egypt 8, 75t, 170, 224, 258, 309, 363El Salvador 38, 75t, 102, 245, 280, 299elites:and active citizenship 11, 13, 29, 36;corruption 5, 87, 95; in developingcountries 51, 105; education provisionand 51; in effective states 36, 76, 95, 101;government relationships 5, 36, 83, 84,87, 95, 101, 139, 163; against land reform74, 76; and power relations 28, 29, 30;war and conflict involvement 281–2employment:in agriculture 149, 150, 154; casual worksee temporary employment below; childlabour 148, 153, 169; in developingcountries 108, 148–9, 152–3, 156–7,166–7, 176, 345; development relationship153, 157, 167; ‘flexibilisation’ 150,154–7, 159f; future of 166–7; genderinequality 5, 50, 110, 111–12, 151, 153,167; and globalisation 150, 152, 153, 157;government policies 150, 152, 153, 154,163–4, 196; health and 151, 156, 167; as ahuman right 149, 150; informal 8, 71, 99,150, 152–3, 158; international financialinstitutions’ involvement 156; internationaltrade and 318; levels of employment149; of marginalised groups 148,169; migration and 153, 333, 334, 335;nature of 149, 150; and poverty 148–9,150, 157, 166; rural employmentguarantee schemes 217–19; socialprotection measures 152, 153, 156, 193,217–19, 228–9; supply chains 150, 157,159f, 164–5, 345, 348, 350, 351; temporaryemployment 152, 154–5, 157–8, 161;trade liberalisation and 112, 117, 299;unemployment 149, 190, 334, 335;unpaid work 110, 111–12, 151, 167, 190;of women 50, 150–1, 156, 158–9, 167,190; and young people 149, 150, 189,334; see also labour rightsEnhanced Heavily Indebted Poor CountriesDebt Reduction Initiative (HPIC II) 306,307environment:agriculture and 128, 130, 130b, 131; andbiofuels 131, 132; economic growth and113–15, 117, 190, 195; environmentalrefugees 258, 260; environmental taxes316, 413–14; gender inequality and 114;global warming and 115, 132; internationalagreements 293; orthodoxeconomics and 110, 113–15; transnationalcorporations and 176, 177, 341,342b; see also climate change; globalwarming; sustainable developmentEthical Trading Initiative (ETI) 165, 348,349b, 350b, 351Ethiopia:agricultural issues 134; debt crisis 309,310; hunger and famine 210, 224, 287,309, 357; international humanitarianrelief 210, 357, 387; land reform 75t;pastoralists 271; social protectionmeasures 208, 210; war and conflict 102Europe:climate change issues 406; economic511
FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 181; education provision 48;financial crises 314; international aid354, 358, 363; and international financialinstitutions 297; international tradeissues 187, 323; transnational corporations344; see also named countries; EasternEuropeEuropean Union (EU):agricultural issues 321; arms embargoes398, 399; climate change strategy role410, 414, 415, 416, 421; human rightsissues 289; and intellectual property 323,326; as international aid donor 321, 354,358, 382, 389; and international financialinstitutions 305; international tradeissues 187, 295, 319 see also trade agreementsbelow; on labour rights 164–5b;peace efforts 394; trade agreements164–5b, 322, 324fishing industry 115, 123, 126–7b, 146–7food and food production:and biofuel 132, 226–7; climate changeand 260, 411; Fairtrade 138–9b, 143; fastfood industry 125–6, 137, 419; food aid210, 211, 213, 215, 215b, 217, 229, 255,388–9; food shortages 200, 210, 227, 260see also hunger and famine; and theGreen Revolution 127–8, 142; and poverty9–10, 142–3, 227; producer organisations134, 135–6b, 137; supermarkets 125, 144,164, 165, 177–8France 94b, 297, 316, 319, 399, 410G8 (Group of Eight) 65, 236, 293, 294,309–10 see also Gleneagles G8 Summitgarment industry 150–1, 154–5, 157, 158,166b, 183, 193, 318, 345GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade) 320, 327gender inequality:and economic growth 190; in economicsystem 65, 110, 111–12; in employment5, 50, 110, 111–12, 151, 153, 167; andenvironmental impacts 114; finance and65, 220, 223; health and 4, 46–7; as ahuman right 25, 27, 36, 39, 50, 67–9; ininternational aid 355t, 366; ‘missingwomen’ 4; and property rights 74, 77–8,233; in public services provision 41,42–3, 45, 46–7, 49, 50; social protection50, 208, 209; see also women and girlsGeorgia Young Lawyers Association(GYLA) 60Germany 48, 94b, 327, 381, 410–11Ghana 3, 64, 70, 101, 134–5, 151, 161, 335,365–6, 376Gleneagles G8 Summit (2005) 307, 357,380, 381–3Global Call to Action against Poverty(GCAP) campaign 307, 356, 381bGlobal Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosisand Malaria 236–7, 353global governance:benefits of 292–3, 424, 425, 429; andclimate change 15, 417–18, 422–3, 425;and debt 309; development and 15, 196,293, 352, 425; and effective states 104,292, 429; human rights and 24, 293, 401,425; and inequality 15, 57, 292–4, 424,428; and intellectual property 57, 325–6,331–2; international financial institutions296, 309, 316, 424; internationalhumanitarian relief 357, 379, 398; internationaltrade and 352; limitations of293, 309, 424, 425; multilateralism 293,303; natural disasters and 293, 402; andNGOs 357, 379; for poverty reduction292–4, 429; power and 293–4, 424, 429;transnational corporations and 341, 343,350b; war and conflict 293, 402global warming 132, 257, 258, 260, 261–2,406, 418, 422 see also climate changeglobalisation:employment and 150, 152, 153, 157; andfinancial crises 310–14; inequality and 3,15, 104, 105, 352; and international trade318, 320, 321, 352governments:accountability of 27, 30, 90, 379, 397;agriculture and 120–1, 122, 130, 133,134–5, 137, 139–41, 142; and the armstrade 15, 285, 346, 399, 403; authoritarian60, 82, 88, 91, 94–5b, 96, 105, 192; civilsociety and 13, 381, 397, 403, 404–5;climate change and 264–5, 267, 406,413–14, 415, 421–2; corruption 65, 79,91, 218–19, 286–7, 310, 369–70; debtrelief initiatives 305–6, 307, 308, 369,381–2; democratic 35, 79–80, 94b;development role 13, 19, 90–3; elections35, 79, 81; elites and 5, 36, 83, 84, 87, 95,101, 139, 163; employment and 150, 152,153, 154, 163–4, 196; and financial crises512
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
Page 477 and 478: FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479 and 480: FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 481 and 482: FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486: FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488: FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502: FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508: FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510: FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519 and 520: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 521 and 522: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
Page 523 and 524: FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
Page 525 and 526: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527: FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 531 and 532: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
Page 533 and 534: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
Page 535 and 536: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
Page 537 and 538: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
Page 539 and 540: FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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