From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY AFRICA’S PASTORALISTSPastoralism in the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa evolved inresponse to long-term climate change. When the Sahara entered aperiod of prolonged desiccation some 7,000 years ago, mobile livestockherding – pastoralism – enabled people to adapt to an increasinglyarid and unpredictable environment. 115 ‘Shocks’ such as drought arenot rare events but part of the natural order, and the reason whypastoral communities live the way that they do.Pastoralists have highly effective coping strategies to make themresilient to such risks. They integrate livestock husbandry with otheractivities such as farming and the extraction of minerals, dry-landtimber, and forest products such as honey and gum. They co-existwith the wild animals so vital to tourism, and provide important‘environmental services’ such as protecting dry-land forests and watercatchments and maintaining wildlife dispersal zones outside ofnational parks. 116 In the Shinyanga region of Tanzania, Sukumaagro-pastoralists who own more than two million cattle in the regionhave, with support, reforested an estimated 250,000 hectares of oncedegraded land. 117Mobility is at the core of pastoral life, and is crucial to managingrisk in harsh and unpredictable environments. By moving their cattle,goats, and sheep and negotiating the sharing and maintenance ofscarce pasture and water, communities survive off large areas of rangelandthat lack permanent water sources. However, while pastoralists haveshown their durability, they remain socially and politically marginalisedand have experienced increasing disruption, vulnerability, andsuffering in recent years. Despite the increasing frequency of drought,the gravity of the current situation for pastoralist communities stemsmore from years of neglect and misunderstanding by central governmentsthan from the unpredictability of rainfall.Government action in pastoral areas has often been hostile,overtly orotherwise, guided by a paradigm of rangeland management importedfrom the very different environmental conditions of North America.Officials and ‘experts’ believed that pastoralism was irrational andoutdated, that land should be individually, not communally owned,that pastoralists should be settled, and that ‘development’ would follow.They saw pastoralism as environmentally damaging, backward, andunproductive.269
FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia’s aborigines, or Canada’s Inuit, pastoralists weresubject to deliberate attempts to undermine their lifestyle and culture.According to a recent Human Rights Watch report, the government ofUganda continues to flout the rights of pastoral communities through‘unlawful killings, torture and ill-treatment, arbitrary detention, andtheft and destruction of property’. 118PASTORALISTS AS CITIZENSMaking up a small proportion of the national population in any givencountry, and living in remote areas, pastoralists often lack the powerand space to organise themselves effectively. Pastoral voices are notheard; local associations are often weak and frequently are co-optedby powerful elites. However, pastoralists are getting organised. Laws orcharters have been passed in several countries that formally recognisepastoralism and provide a better institutional framework for themanagement of rangelands. 119 Many of these laws recognise theimportance of mobility to the pastoral system – Mali’s pastoral charterdevotes a whole chapter to it.An example from Senegal in 2005 illustrates some of the importantfaultlines in debates over pastoralism and shows what can be achievedthrough mobilisation. The country’s President Wade announced onradio that he was going to sell off 3,000 hectares of the ‘Doli ranch’ forpeanut production. This area was a key dry-season grazing area anddrought refuge which, although called a ranch, was actually under thecontrol of resident livestock herders. Following failed meetingsbetween the prime minister and livestock producers, the presidentissued a decree in November 2003 transferring ownership of 44,000hectares of the area.Pastoralist groups responded by organising what turned out to bea very effective media campaign. They warned people living in thecapital Dakar that, if the government went ahead, they would boycottall livestock markets. They also criticised the underlying rationalebehind the land transfer (namely that pastoral production was outmodedand inefficient) and official attitudes towards the livestockproduction sector in general. The government subsequently withdrewits plans, providing pastoralists with a victory in what has becomeknown as ‘l’affaire du ranche de Doli’. 120270
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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Page 257 and 258: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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Page 267 and 268: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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Page 271 and 272: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
Page 273 and 274: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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Page 277 and 278: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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Page 281 and 282: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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Page 303 and 304: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
Page 305 and 306: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
Page 307 and 308: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
Page 309 and 310: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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Page 313 and 314: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
Page 315 and 316: FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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Page 319 and 320: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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Page 329 and 330: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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Page 333 and 334: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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