From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AIDThe aid optimist:Jeffrey Sachs(The End of Poverty)StrengthsA powerful piece of aidadvocacy that counteractsthe unwarrantedpessimism oftensurrounding the aiddebate.Sachs himself is anextraordinary ambassador:fervent, inspiring,hyperactive, and tireless.Advocates repair of theaid machinery:National poverty strategiesdeveloped byrecipient governmentsidentifying investmentsand financial needs tomeet the MDGs.Co-ordination amongdonors to meet financialneeds.Grants, not loans.Long-term, predictableaid.Decentralisation ofinvestment decisions.Emphasises basic technologiesand interventionsthat have worked ina variety of contexts.Tackles head-on some ofthe anti-aid argumentson corruption, pastfailure, authoritariangovernments, andculture.The aid pessimist:William Easterly(White Man’s Burden)Suspicious of the ‘It’s upto us’ view that sees aidas a way for the richcountries to singlehandedlyend poverty inpoor ones.Stresses the need fordonors to be madeaccountable to aidrecipients.Identifies the importanceof incentive systems indetermining thebehaviour of aid andgovernment officials.Rightly dismisses topdownstructural adjustment,shock therapy, andconditionality (Easterlywas a World Bankinsider).The detail of his argument,in contrast with theoverall message (and thetitle), argues for ‘betteraid’ rather than ‘no aid’,and sets out some goodideas for how to achieveit.Has a strong sense of theindigenous creativity indeveloping countries thatcan trigger development.Good complement toSachs in advocatingservices and technologiesbeyond thebasics.Paul Collier(The Bottom Billion)On aid, positioned somewherebetween Sachsand Easterly, but leaningtowards Easterly on aidscepticism.Good discussion of whenand when not to give aidand whether to do so inthe form of finance ortechnical assistance.Strongest on the linksbetween conflict anddevelopment, includingthe case for militaryintervention in casessuch as Sierra Leone,and the need to be muchmorecreative about seizingmoments of post-conflictreconstruction to helpcountries escape frompoverty.Also very convincing onthe special problems(and limited solutions) ofAfrica’s landlockedcountries.361
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimist:Jeffrey Sachs(The End of Poverty)WeaknessesMassive aid is necessarybut may not be sufficient:Sachs assumes thatbreaking the poverty trapalone will unleasheconomic growth.Interventions are limitedto agriculture, basicsocial services, and basicrural infrastructure.Underplays the importanceof politics andpower in development:Weak on institutions:Strong institutions(especially public institutions)are needed totranslate national strategiesinto effective investmentson the ground.Weak on citizenship:Active citizenship isneeded to set prioritiesfor decentralised investmentstargeting thepoorest people and tohold local and nationalinstitutions accountable.Sachs’ big push is similarto the integrated ruraldevelopment programmesof the 1970s,which failed due to lackof government support,manipulation by localelites, and low levels ofparticipation (althoughSachs addresses this lastpoint by stressing theimportance of participationin project design).The aid pessimist:William Easterly(White Man’s Burden)Undermines support formassive increase in aidbudgets that is necessaryto provide basic socialservices and meet theMDGs.Underplays the importanceof politics andpower in development:Ignores the role of thestate in creating the marketconditions in which‘Searchers’ can flourish.Market solutions will notwork for people whosewealth and income aretoo low to register as‘market demand’.Ignores the central roleof planning in developmentsuccess storiessuch as China, Viet Nam,South Korea, orBotswana.Does not give a chance todonors to apply lessonslearned and plan aid withmore accountability andrecipient ownership.Stronger on critique thanon proposition.Paul Collier(The Bottom Billion)Overall the diagnosis ismuch more compellingthan the conclusions(except on post-conflictreconstruction).Blind spots on inequality,sustainability and climatechange, and rights.Largely ignores politicalscience, history, andother disciplines infavour of almost exclusivereliance on the mathematicalwizardryof ‘econometrics’ toestablish links andcausation betweenvariables such as aid andconflict. Applicability ofthis kind of econometricanalysis is disputed.The dramatis personaeare made up almostentirely of benevolenteconomists and heroicfinance ministers, facedwith incompetent orcorrupt governments andcivil servants trying tothwart them. No recognitionof the role ofpolitical parties, tradeunions, or active citizenshipof any sort.An orthodox liberaliseron trade and investment,with little time for NGOconcerns about negativeimpacts of prematureliberalisation.Sources: J. Sachs (2005) The End of Poverty: How We Can Make it Happen in Our Lifetime,Penguin; www.millenniumvillages.org; W. Easterly (2006) White Man’s Burden: Why theWest’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good, Penguin;P. Collier (2007) The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What CanBe Done About It, Oxford University Press.362
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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Page 353 and 354: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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Page 357 and 358: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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Page 361 and 362: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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Page 369 and 370: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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Page 387 and 388: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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Page 397 and 398: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417 and 418: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 419 and 420: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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