From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACTIVE CITIZENSHIP AND EFFECTIVE STATESAs Nelson Mandela says, poverty and extreme inequality rank alongsideslavery and apartheid as evils that can be vanquished. This bookargues for a radical redistribution of opportunities, but also of powerand assets, to break the cycle of poverty and inequality.People living in poverty certainly need opportunities, such asaccess to decent education, health care, water, and sanitation, andassistance to help them cope with the shocks of everyday life. Poorpeople need power over their own destinies and over the factors thatinfluence them, such as party politics, the justice system, and themarkets for land, labour, and goods and services.In recent memory, a combination of pressure from below andenlightened leadership from above has produced some remarkableexercises in redistribution. In several East Asian countries, for example,elites have embraced the long-term case for equality, to prevent socialdivision and to stoke a thriving economy. Taiwan and Viet Nam havecombined astonishing growth with high levels of equity. Indonesiaand Malaysia have managed to reduce inequality over an extendedperiod through government-led redistribution and generation ofemployment. 40In Brazil under the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardosoand Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, popular movements have carriedbusiness elites along in redistributing wealth and opportunity in ahitherto appallingly unequal society. In the past decade Brazil hasmanaged to lower its world inequality ranking from second to tenthby a mixture of good economic management (for example, controllinginflation, which customarily hits poor people hardest) and redistributingincome to poor people through various government schemessuch as the Bolsa Familia (Family Stipend), which pays poor families amonthly stipend if they ensure that their children attend school andare vaccinated. 41 Lula’s first term saw the poorest 10 per cent of thepopulation increase their incomes by 7 per cent a year, while the incomesof the richest 10 per cent stagnated. As a result, some five millionBrazilians were lifted out of poverty, and inequality fell to its lowestlevel in 30 years. 42 A similar story of progress built on popular pressureand state action could be told of South Africa since the end of apartheid.11
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThis book explores these and other efforts to grapple with inequalityand poverty in three key areas: politics, markets, and vulnerability.In each case it finds that development, and in particular efforts totackle inequality, is best achieved through a combination of activecitizens and effective states.By active citizenship, we mean that combination of rights andobligations that link individuals to the state, including paying taxes,obeying laws, and exercising the full range of political, civil, and socialrights. Active citizens use these rights to improve the quality of politicalor civic life, through involvement in the formal economy or formalpolitics, or through the sort of collective action that historically hasallowed poor and excluded groups to make their voices heard. For thosewho do not enjoy full rights of citizenship, such as migrants or (in somecultures) women, the first step is often to organise to assert those rights.By effective states, we mean states that can guarantee security andthe rule of law, and can design and implement an effective strategy toensure inclusive economic growth. Effective states, often known as‘developmental states’, must be accountable to citizens and able toguarantee their rights.Why focus on effective states? Because history shows that nocountry has prospered without a state than can actively manage thedevelopment process. The extraordinary transformations of countriessuch as South Korea, Taiwan, Botswana, or Mauritius have been led bystates that ensure health and education for all, and which activelypromote and manage the process of economic growth. After 20 yearsof erosion by deregulation, ‘structural adjustment programmes’, andinternational trade and aid agreements, many states are weak orabsent. But there are no shortcuts, and neither aid nor NGOs can takeits place; the road to development lies through the state.Why active citizenship? Because people working together todetermine the course of their own lives, fighting for rights and justicein their own societies, are critical in holding states, private companies,and others to account. Active citizenship has inherent merits: peopleliving in poverty must have a voice in deciding their own destiny,rather than be treated as passive recipients of welfare or governmentaction. What is more, the system – governments, judiciaries, parliaments,andcompanies – cannot tackle poverty and inequality by treating12
Page 3 and 4: OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
Page 5 and 6: First published by Oxfam Internatio
Page 7 and 8: PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
Page 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
Page 14 and 15: FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17: FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
Page 18 and 19: PART ONE
Page 20 and 21: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
Page 22 and 23: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
Page 24 and 25: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
Page 26 and 27: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
Page 30 and 31: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
Page 32 and 33: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
Page 42 and 43: 2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
Page 53 and 54: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
Page 55 and 56: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
Page 57 and 58: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
Page 59 and 60: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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Page 71 and 72: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74: FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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