From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM HUMANITARIAN RELIEFup to 40 per cent in Canada’s case in 2004, which helped to prompt apolicy change to allow increased local sourcing. 181 In addition, a third ofthe global food aid budget is wasted because the USA insists on processingfood aid domestically and shipping it via national carriers. 182 AnOECD study found that the actual costs of tied food aid transfers wereon average approximately 50 per cent higher than local food purchasesand 33 per cent more costly than procurement of food in thirdcountries (so-called triangular transactions). 183 An extra $750m ayear in aid for poor countries could be released if rich countries,particularly the USA, gave food aid as cash instead of in kind.Where food is available on local markets, food aid can also bedemeaning: evaluations of cash-transfer schemes show that peopleprefer cash to soup kitchens because cash provides a greater choiceover spending priorities and respects their dignity, rather than treatingthem as passive beneficiaries. When people use the cash to buyagricultural inputs, it also helps to improve livelihoods and boost thelocal economy (see Part 4). 184Three of the four major donors – the EU, Canada, and Australia –have promised to use food aid more judiciously and to increase theproportion they buy in developing countries, rather than source itfrom home. 185 Largely due to the lobbying of agribusiness and shippinginterests, the USA remains defiant and, as the supplier of more than 50per cent of the world’s food aid, continues to distort the world’sresponse to crises.Short-term solutions for long-term problems: As discussed in Part4, there is increasing recognition that much of the vulnerability experiencedby poor people and communities is actually chronic ratherthan event-driven, and needs to be dealt with through national governmentsocial protection systems, supported by international aid,rather than through short-term humanitarian assistance. This blursthe boundaries between ‘emergencies’ and ‘development’, but it alsomore accurately reflects real life for millions of people living on theedge of poverty.Recognition of these failings has prompted a spate of initiatives inrecent years aimed at turning the international humanitarian systeminto something closer to the co-ordinated response of a modernwelfare state. The UN has introduced a ‘cluster approach’, nominating389
FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies in nine areas of humanitarian action (for example,UNICEF leads on nutrition, water, and sanitation, while UNHCR is incharge of managing camps for people affected by war or disaster).At the UN ‘World Summit’ in September 2005, the organisation’s192 member governments promised to improve the timeliness andpredictability of humanitarian relief, including upgrading the UN’sexisting Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF). This wouldenable the UN system to provide a rapid response and adequatelyfund ‘neglected emergencies’, rather than waste precious weeks andmonths passing the hat round to donors.In its first year, the CERF committed $259.3m for over 331 projectsin 35 countries. This included $182.4m for rapid response and $76.9mfor underfunded emergencies. Donors duly upped their pledges to$342m for 2007. CERF funding has undoubtedly saved lives, particularlyin underfunded or ‘forgotten’ emergencies. However, even the CERFsuffers from administrative and disbursement delays both at its headquartersin New York and in the field, since funding is channelledthrough UN agencies that have done little or nothing to adapt theirown procedures – early signs that an overly cumbersome system fordisbursing funds might undermine the CERF’s effectiveness. 186In 2006 a high-level panel appointed by the UN Secretary-Generalmade some further recommendations that could improve its humanitarianresponse: UN bodies need to work together as a single entity inany given developing country, with a single boss, budget, and office;funding for UN operations, both to promote development and toreact to short-term emergencies, needs to be more predictable andlong-term; the UN needs a single, powerful voice on women (it currentlyhas three separate entities); and it needs to pay more attention toenvironmental and sustainability issues. 187For their part, in 2003 donor governments set up the GoodHumanitarian Donorship initiative to identify and promulgate bestpractices. This is based on 23 principles, including increasing thetimeliness of aid and providing aid according to need. 188 InternationalNGOs have also set up a series of learning and accountability projects,most sporting the inevitable acronyms. HAP (The HumanitarianAccountability Partnership) looks at downwards accountability tothose affected;ALNAP (The Active Learning Network for Accountability390
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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Page 357 and 358: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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Page 367 and 368: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
Page 369 and 370: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
Page 371 and 372: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
Page 373 and 374: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
Page 375 and 376: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
Page 377 and 378: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 379 and 380: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
Page 381 and 382: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
Page 383 and 384: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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Page 387 and 388: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
Page 389 and 390: FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
Page 391 and 392: FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
Page 393 and 394: FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
Page 395 and 396: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
Page 397 and 398: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
Page 399 and 400: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
Page 401 and 402: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
Page 403 and 404: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
Page 417 and 418: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
Page 419 and 420: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
Page 421 and 422: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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Page 429 and 430: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
Page 431 and 432: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
Page 433 and 434: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
Page 435 and 436: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
Page 437 and 438: FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
Page 439 and 440: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
Page 441 and 442: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
Page 443 and 444: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
Page 445 and 446: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
Page 447 and 448: FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
Page 449 and 450: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 451 and 452: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
Page 453 and 454: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
Page 455 and 456: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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