From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMProgress in human rights became one of the hallmarks of thesecond half of the twentieth century, with the spread of democracyand decolonisation leading to a massive expansion in the proportionof the world’s population that exercised some degree of say in theorganisation of society. The advent of mass literacy and improvementsin health meanwhile strengthened their ability to exercise thoserights.Human rights can be grouped into three distinct generations:civil and political, or so-called ‘negative’ rights such as freedom fromtorture, which the state must guarantee; economic, social, and cultural,or ‘positive rights’, such as the right to education, which the state mustfinance and actively promote; and finally collective rights, such asself-determination, which the state must respect. Most recently, theUN has tried to extend the notion of rights to non-state actors suchas corporations. 8From universal franchise and the abolition of slavery onwards,new forms of rights have initially been viewed by those in positions ofpower as unreasonable or unjustified, but have slowly been absorbedinto the mainstream consensus. The latest candidates are the culturallycontentious issues of equal rights for women and for children.For many years after the UN Declaration, the rhetoric of humanrights was reduced to a weapon in the propaganda battles of the ColdWar. As the economist J.K. Galbraith once joked, ‘Under capitalism,man exploits man. Under socialism, it is the other way around.’Neither side had much time for human rights. The West pointedthe finger at socialist countries for denying civil and political rights.The East criticised the capitalist countries for their failure to secureeconomic and social rights for all citizens and for supporting crueldictators such as Zaire’s Mobuto Sese Seko or Chile’s AugustoPinochet. There was little active interaction between the worlds ofrights and development.The end of the Cold War brought convergence, with manydevelopment practitioners combining the two disciplines into whatbecame known as a ‘rights-based approach’ to development. Byreuniting economic and social rights with political and civil rights,this approach aimed to build a comprehensive vision of a new, just,and viable ‘social contract’ between state and citizen. 925
FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe worlds of human rights and development feel very different.Put crudely, lawyers and scholars dominate the former, and economistsand engineers the latter. While this can lead to communicationproblems between two sets of mutually impenetrable jargon, bothsides have much to learn from one another. According to the UN:The tradition of human rights brings legal tools and institutions –laws, the judiciary, and the process of litigation – as means tosecure freedoms and human development. Rights also lend morallegitimacy and the principle of social justice to the objectives ofhuman development. The rights perspective helps shift the priorityto the most deprived and excluded. It also directs attention to theneed for information and political voice for all people as a developmentissue – and to civil and political rights as integral parts of thedevelopment process.Human development, in turn, brings a dynamic long-termperspective to the fulfilment of rights. It directs attention to thesocio-economic context in which rights can be realised – orthreatened. Human development thus contributes to building along-run strategy for the realisation of rights. In short, humandevelopment is essential for realising human rights, and humanrights are essential for full human development. 10Sometimes making use of the international human rights system,citizens in many countries have successfully pressed governments topass laws protecting rights. One of the leaders in this field has beenIndia, which in recent years has seen several groundbreaking initiativeson the rights to food and information. 11 Numerous countries nowhave ombudsmen to whom citizens can appeal if they believe theirrights have been violated. Most countries now also recognise therights of children. Such laws, often introduced in response to UNconventions, exert a permanent ‘drip-drip’ impact on attitudes andpractices. These subterranean shifts in notions of rights occasionallyexplode into the political daylight when groups of citizens seek politicalredress, as witnessed by events in recent decades in La Paz, Kiev,Berlin, Tehran, and Manila, where mass demonstrations of peopledemanding their rights overthrew governments and ushered in eras ofrapid change.26
Page 3 and 4: OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
Page 5 and 6: First published by Oxfam Internatio
Page 7 and 8: PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
Page 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
Page 14 and 15: FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17: FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
Page 18 and 19: PART ONE
Page 20 and 21: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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Page 53 and 54: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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