From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH GOING FOR GROWTHSecond, Viet Nam has been far more successful in redistributingresources to poorer regions and maintaining high levels of publicspending in education, health, water, and sanitation. In contrast,China opted for ‘fiscal decentralisation’, limiting central governmenttransfers to poorer provinces, leading to a widening gulfbetween dynamic coastal regions with their booming exportindustries and a largely neglected interior. (This is something theChinese government has sought to correct through its ‘Go West’programme of encouraging investment in infrastructure awayfrom the coast).Third, Viet Nam’s recent history of war and national threatreinforces a strong collective sense of ‘national mission’,imbuing the country’s Communist Party with a sense of nationallegitimacy.Enormous challenges await both countries as they seek to buildon their achievements. Viet Nam’s accession to the WTO in 2006will constrain the government’s ability to use subsidies and otherelements of industrial policy to guide the economy and redistributewealth. The country must also deal with increasing inequalitybetween its ethnic minorities and the Kinh majority, rampantcorruption, and the increasing need for political participation.If anything, China faces even more extreme versions of thesechallenges, and on a grander scale.Source: P. Chaudhry (2007) ‘Why Has Viet Nam Achieved Growth With Relative Equity, andChina Hasn’t?’, internal paper for Oxfam International; Le Quang Binh (2006) ‘What HasMade Viet Nam a Poverty-Reduction Success Story?’ background paper for OxfamInternational.A developing country’s success or failure at achieving growth isincreasingly linked to its ability to participate in international trade.Global trade is booming, growing much faster than the world economyas a whole. Global exports of manufactured and agricultural productsincreased by 15 per cent in 2006, to a value of $11.8 trillion. Trade inservices such as banking and tourism rose by 11 per cent, reaching$2.7 trillion. 180Not surprisingly, trade is heavily skewed towards the rich andmiddle-income countries (including better-off developing countries).Today, for every $100 generated by world exports, $97.28 goes to the185
FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and middle-income countries, and only $2.72 goes to lowincomecountries, even though they contain nearly 40 per cent of theworld’s people. 181Under the aegis of structural adjustment programme agreementswith aid donors or bilateral and regional trade agreements, manydeveloping countries have sought to improve their trade balance andattract investment by reducing border tariffs and import and exportquotas and, more widely, by reducing state regulation of trade. Tradeliberalisation also includes cutting subsidies or restricting the abilityof governments to impose rules on investment, and can cause surgesof cheap imports against which small farmers or local labour-intensivemanufacturers are unable to compete. 182 As firms have sought tomodernise production and recruit more skilled workers, the differencebetween skilled and unskilled wages has risen.In its 2006 World Development Report on equity, the World Bankconcluded that opening up to trade has been associated with risinginequality in earnings in many countries over the past two decades.Trade liberalisation has also cut into one of the few easy ways for poorcountrygovernments to raise revenues.In agriculture, the success of exporters such as Chile and Botswanagives some credence to the liberalising agenda. However, in countriessuch as Korea, Malaysia, and Indonesia, smallholder developmentstrategies were underpinned by government use of tariffs to stabilisedomestic prices (protecting floor prices for farmers as well as ceilingprices for consumers) and thereby encourage investment. Retainingtariff flexibility is particularly important because other instruments,such as quotas, were largely prohibited in the WTO’s 1994 UruguayRound agreements. 183In manufacturing, countries with successful growth records –such as South Korea, Taiwan, Viet Nam, China, and Mauritius – havedeveloped core industries behind protective barriers. Trade barrierswere gradually lowered once these sectors started to becomeinternationally competitive. Rich countries are now demanding thatdeveloping countries cut tariffs significantly, even though theythemselves once used high tariffs to protect their own fledgling industries.When they were at the same level of development as sub-SaharanAfrica is today, the USA had an average tariff of 40 per cent, Japan186
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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Page 153 and 154: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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Page 167 and 168: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
Page 169 and 170: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
Page 171 and 172: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
Page 173 and 174: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
Page 175 and 176: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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Page 179 and 180: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
Page 181 and 182: FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
Page 183 and 184: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
Page 185 and 186: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
Page 187 and 188: FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
Page 189 and 190: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
Page 191 and 192: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
Page 193 and 194: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
Page 195 and 196: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
Page 197 and 198: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
Page 199 and 200: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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Page 205 and 206: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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Page 209 and 210: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 211 and 212: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
Page 213 and 214: FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
Page 215 and 216: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
Page 217 and 218: FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
Page 219 and 220: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
Page 221 and 222: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
Page 223 and 224: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
Page 225 and 226: FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
Page 227 and 228: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
Page 229 and 230: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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Page 233 and 234: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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Page 237 and 238: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
Page 239 and 240: FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
Page 241 and 242: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
Page 243 and 244: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
Page 245 and 246: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
Page 247 and 248: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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Page 251 and 252: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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