From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I RULE, THEREFORE I AMThey are the collective manifestation of the human imagination, andoften surpass individual achievements in the extent to which theyhave transformed people’s lives. 150The inter-relationships between active citizenship, effective states,and democracy are complex and constantly evolving. Citizen capacitiesare often built through state action – providing access to education,health, and information, for example. And state institutions are built,shaped, and then re-shaped through the actions of citizens thusempowered. Formal democracy may enhance the voice and power ofcitizens, but this depends on the nature of the democratic process:it can also exclude poor and marginal communities, and produce asense of resignation, rather than empowerment.103
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY TO POWERDevelopment is about transforming the lives and expectations of anation’s inhabitants, an ambition that goes far beyond simply increasingmonetary income. Although the past 60 years have seen enormousprogress, huge and urgent challenges remain in tackling injustice,inequality, and needless suffering. The starting point for this effortmust be guaranteeing that all people enjoy their basic rights and theability to exercise them (capabilities). People living in poverty musttake or create power over their own lives and destinies. To develop,countries need educated, informed, and healthy citizens and a stateboth willing and able to provide the essential services on which theirwell-being depends. The state must also ensure that both the qualityand quantity of economic growth meets developmental needs.Globalisation has complex implications for the politics of buildingeffective states. Most tangible are the increasing constraints it imposeson the economic policies that states can use, which are discussed inPart 5.However, its political impact is more insidious. The most globallyintegrated segment in almost every developing country is the politicaland economic elite. People in this group consume more importedgoods, travel more widely, and read the Financial Times or the HeraldTribune. Their children absorb international culture from MTV andthe Internet, and often leave to study at European or North Americanuniversities, before returning to lead their countries. To what extent104
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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Page 71 and 72: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74: FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 79 and 80: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
Page 83 and 84: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
Page 85 and 86: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
Page 89 and 90: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
Page 91 and 92: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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Page 95 and 96: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
Page 97 and 98: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
Page 99 and 100: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
Page 101 and 102: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
Page 103 and 104: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
Page 105 and 106: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
Page 107 and 108: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
Page 111 and 112: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
Page 113 and 114: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
Page 115 and 116: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
Page 117 and 118: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
Page 119: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
Page 123 and 124: FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
Page 125 and 126: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
Page 127 and 128: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
Page 129 and 130: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
Page 131 and 132: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
Page 133 and 134: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
Page 135 and 136: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
Page 137 and 138: FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
Page 139 and 140: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
Page 141 and 142: FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
Page 143 and 144: FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
Page 145 and 146: FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
Page 147 and 148: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
Page 149 and 150: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
Page 151 and 152: FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
Page 153 and 154: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
Page 163 and 164: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 165 and 166: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
Page 167 and 168: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
Page 169 and 170: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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