From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY SOCIAL PROTECTIONpermitted wage rates of Rs 60 per day (about $1.50), lower thanthe national floor wage of Rs 66, but still higher than some stateminimums.Passed unanimously, the final text was a compromise – but onewith great potential, thanks to civil society’s effective combinationof public campaigning and a determined political lobby.Sources: I. MacAuslan (2007) ‘India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: A CaseStudy for How Change Happens’, paper for Oxfam International; www.righttofoodindia.org;www.nrega.nic.in; N. Dey, J. Drèze, and R. Khera (2006) Employment Guarantee Act:A Primer, New Delhi: National Book Trust; C. Gonsalves, P.R. Kumar, and A.R. Srivastava(eds) (2005) ‘Right to Food’, New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network.CASE STUDY219
FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VULNERABILITYSaving for a rainy day and borrowing when hard times strike havealways been strategies used by people living in poverty to reduce theirvulnerability to shocks. In recent years, the failure of financial systemsto meet the needs of poor communities in many countries has led tothe creation of a new phenomenon, microfinance, which was drivenfirst by civil society organisations and ‘social entrepreneurs’ and isincreasingly being picked up by mainstream financial institutions andthe state.Access to credit is critical to any business, however small, whilebeing able to save and borrow enables poor people to smooth outthe sudden peaks and troughs in their income and expenditurethat can inflict short-term hardship on a family, such as job loss,sickness, funerals, or weddings. However, conventional financialmarkets systematically exclude many poor people. Banks rarely havebranches where poor people live, they require onerous collateral ordeposits, or they will not deal in small loan amounts. Gender or ethnicbias frequently has a large part to play. This financial exclusion wasexacerbated by the structural adjustment programmes in the 1980sand 1990s, which shut down or privatised state-owned banks, includingso-called ‘development banks’ which had offered subsidised loans tofarmers and others.Poor people’s needs are often tiny in financial terms,but are critical totheir well-being. A shoe-shiner who cannot afford to buy his brushes220
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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Page 189 and 190: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
Page 191 and 192: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
Page 193 and 194: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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Page 197 and 198: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
Page 199 and 200: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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Page 217 and 218: FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
Page 219 and 220: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
Page 221 and 222: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
Page 223 and 224: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
Page 225 and 226: FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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Page 233 and 234: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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Page 239 and 240: FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
Page 241 and 242: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
Page 243 and 244: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
Page 245 and 246: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
Page 247 and 248: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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Page 251 and 252: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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Page 257 and 258: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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Page 261 and 262: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
Page 263 and 264: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
Page 265 and 266: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
Page 267 and 268: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
Page 269 and 270: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
Page 271 and 272: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
Page 273 and 274: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
Page 275 and 276: FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
Page 277 and 278: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
Page 279 and 280: FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
Page 281 and 282: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
Page 283 and 284: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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