From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I READ, THEREFORE I AMEducating women and girls is particularly important because itenables them to challenge inequality with men, within the family andin wider society. Educated women tend to have healthier childrenand smaller families, suggesting that education is linked to greaterbargaining power in marriage. Education makes it more likely that awoman can earn money of her own, which means she is more likelyto be able to remain single if she chooses, or to leave an abusive orunhappy relationship. Education can also break down the stereotypesof women’s and men’s roles in society which restrict the horizons ofboth girls and boys, and girls in particular can gain the self-confidenceto challenge discrimination.Globally, significant progress is being made in reducing the numberof children of primary-school age who are not enrolled in school.Between 1999 and 2006 the number fell by around 21 million to 72million. 33 The spread of primary education has halved levels of illiteracysince 1970, greatly improving the quality of life of millions of poorpeople. Still, some 780 million adults (one in five worldwide) lackbasic literacy, and two-thirds of them are women. 34 The MillenniumDevelopment Goal of achieving gender parity in primary enrolmentby 2005 (the only MDG to specifically target inequality) was missed bya wide margin.The glass is half full in other areas: enrolment in secondary school isincreasing rapidly, although there is still a long way to go, especially insub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Perhaps the most extraordinaryprogress has been in university and other higher education, whereworldwide the number of students enrolled rose 43 per cent between1999 and 2004 to 132 million. Three-quarters of this growth took placein developing countries, with China alone accounting for 60 per cent. 35Key reasons behind the increases in school enrolment achievedover the past decade, particularly for girls, include the removal ofschool fees, economic growth, and urbanisation (which reduces thecost to the state of providing schools). Public pressure has also playeda role: national grassroots campaigns in 120 countries, co-ordinatedby the Global Campaign for Education, obliged governments to spendsignificantly more on primary education. 36 Education budgets increasedin two-thirds of countries for which data are available. In Kenya thenational coalition of education groups, Elimu Yetu (Our Education),43
FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivotal role in making free primary education a centralelection issue, ensuring it was introduced in 2002; the result was that1.2 million children went to school for the first time. 37Quality is also crucial. Class size, the quality and availability oftextbooks, curriculum content, and teacher motivation all determinewhether and what a child learns in school. There is a world of differencebetween a dispiriting ‘chalk and talk’ session with an underpaid,demotivated, and poorly trained teacher in an overcrowded classroomand an exciting, empowering class geared to the culture, experiences,and interests of the children involved. A quality education is a transformativeprocess that respects children’s rights, encourages activecitizenship, and contributes to building a just and democratic society.Studies show that employing and training more teachers is the criticalissue in delivering quality education. Smaller class sizes and the qualityand morale of the teacher are critical elements in improving educationaloutcomes.A classroom without a teacher is useless, but a teacher withouta classroom can start to educate children. Uganda’s near-doubling of netenrolments,from 54 per cent to over 90 per cent by 2000,was preceded byan increase in teachers’ salaries from $8 to $72 per month from 1997.Governments also ensured that rural facilities were well staffed, often byrequiring publicly trained workers to work in rural areas.In Sri Lanka, all teachers are expected to work for three to fouryears in ‘difficult schools’. In the Gambia the government is buildingnew housing in remote areas and establishing a ‘teacher housing loanscheme’ to help female teachers with the costs of decent accommodation.In Nicaragua, thousands of volunteers helped in a hugelysuccessful national literacy campaign. 38WATER AND SANITATIONOf course I wish I was in school. I want to learn to read and write…But how can I? My mother needs me to get water.YENI BAZAN, AGE 10, EL ALTO, BOLIVIA‘By means of water’, says the Koran, ‘we give life to everything.’ Accessto clean water and sanitation is a basic right, and is essential in allowingpeople to live decent, dignified lives. The proportion of people usingdrinking water from improved sources has risen in the developing44
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
Page 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
Page 14 and 15: FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17: FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
Page 18 and 19: PART ONE
Page 20 and 21: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
Page 22 and 23: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
Page 24 and 25: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
Page 26 and 27: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
Page 28 and 29: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
Page 30 and 31: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
Page 32 and 33: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
Page 42 and 43: 2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
Page 53 and 54: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
Page 55 and 56: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
Page 57 and 58: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
Page 59: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
Page 63 and 64: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
Page 65 and 66: FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
Page 67 and 68: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
Page 69 and 70: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
Page 71 and 72: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74: FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
Page 75 and 76: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 79 and 80: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
Page 83 and 84: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
Page 85 and 86: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
Page 89 and 90: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
Page 91 and 92: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
Page 93 and 94: FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
Page 95 and 96: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
Page 97 and 98: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
Page 99 and 100: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
Page 101 and 102: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
Page 103 and 104: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
Page 105 and 106: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
Page 107 and 108: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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