From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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3 POVERTY AND WEALTH LIVING OFF THE LANDformally register. As a consequence, many POs remain as unregistered,informal organisations, which limits their legal safeguards and theirability to raise loans. 60As a new generation of bottom-up POs takes root, that legacy ofsuspicion is being overcome. In the northern Albanian village of Kiri,where villagers gather wild mountain herbs to sell for cash, the legacyof forced collectivisation under communism made people initiallyreluctant to form a co-operative. So they set up a Herb Associationwhich helped them improve the quality of their product, find newbuyers, and increase household incomes by 40 per cent. Oxfam hasseen farmers, governments, and aid donors embrace such initiatives incountries as diverse as Mali, Honduras, and India. A significant proportionof new POs are commercially oriented and concentrated inhigh-value product markets, often for export. Relatively few operatesuccessfully in domestic staple food markets, where prices are too lowand transactions too small to cover the costs of organisation, both infinance and time. 61 BOX 3.3THE SWEET TASTE OF SUCCESS IN COLOMBIAIn 2002, a group of private sugar mills applied for a licence tobuild a large panela mill in the impoverished Patía region ofnorthern Colombia. Panela is a brown sugarloaf made fromsugarcane, which is used as a low-cost, nutritious sweetener.The step up from small, family-run units to industrial productionpromised to create jobs and improve cost and quality for consumers.Just the sort of investment to pull people out of poverty,economists said, as the urban market was largely untapped.The impoverished farmers who made their meagre living frompanela did not see it that way, fearing they would be pushed outof even an expanded market. Some Rural Development Ministryofficials concurred, adding that a single factory could manipulateprices to both farmers and consumers. Moreover, when the initialtax breaks ran out, the factory might close down, leaving everyoneworse off.The small producers formed an informal association andlaunched a campaign to persuade the government to reject the135
FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill. Panela production is the main source of income forthe rural population, they argued, and an industrial mill wouldprovide jobs for only a handful of the hundreds of poor farmersand their families who might lose their livelihoods. Furthermore,the profits would accrue to owners who never showed their facesin Patía.The campaign succeeded in blocking the project – fortunatelywithout violence. The investors shrugged their shoulders andtook their money elsewhere, but the experience had changed thefarmers. They had discovered not only that many more peoplewere willing to buy their panela, but also that they could makemore money by selling directly to wholesalers. Most importantly,they had discovered the power of organisation.Flushed with victory, in 2004 a group of them established theirown trading organisation, which after initial difficulties was ableto raise the price paid to producers by over 40 per cent. Theassociation plans to further increase producers’ income bytapping the more lucrative organic market.The panela producers’ experience exemplifies the challenge andpromise of achieving economic development in a way thatenhances, rather than undermines, small farmers’ power inmarkets and the need for farmers to organise if they are toinfluence the structure and rules governing the markets in whichthey operate.Source: C. Penrose-Buckley (2007) Producer Organisations: A Guide to DevelopingCollective Rural Enterprises, Oxford: Oxfam GB.Marketing is the core activity of most POs, whether they are fullblownco-operatives or looser associations. In addition, POs helpfarmers obtain cheaper credit and negotiate better prices for inputssuch as fertilisers and seeds. Some POs arrange or acquire processingfacilities and transport to markets (especially important in remoteareas), and provide the kind of training and technical assistance neededto move into higher-value products and to guarantee the higher-qualitystandards needed to break into more lucrative markets.136
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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Page 109 and 110: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
Page 111 and 112: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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Page 115 and 116: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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Page 119 and 120: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
Page 121 and 122: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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Page 125 and 126: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
Page 127 and 128: FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
Page 129 and 130: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
Page 131 and 132: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
Page 133 and 134: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
Page 135 and 136: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
Page 137 and 138: FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
Page 139 and 140: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
Page 141 and 142: FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
Page 143 and 144: FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
Page 145 and 146: FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
Page 147 and 148: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
Page 149 and 150: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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Page 155 and 156: FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
Page 157 and 158: FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
Page 159 and 160: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
Page 161 and 162: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
Page 163 and 164: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 165 and 166: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
Page 167 and 168: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
Page 169 and 170: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
Page 171 and 172: FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
Page 173 and 174: FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
Page 175 and 176: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
Page 177 and 178: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
Page 179 and 180: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
Page 181 and 182: FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
Page 183 and 184: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
Page 185 and 186: FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
Page 187 and 188: FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
Page 189 and 190: FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
Page 191 and 192: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
Page 193 and 194: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
Page 195 and 196: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
Page 197 and 198: FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
Page 199 and 200: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
Page 201 and 202: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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