From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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5 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM GLOBAL GOVERNANCEMoreover, from a development point of view, there are gapingholes in the fabric of global governance. Issues of vital importance topoor countries, such as migration or access to knowledge, receive onlythe lightest of touches, whereas the issues that matter to the powerfulcountries, such as access to markets, capital movements, or protectingtheir technological edge, are rigorously enforced. Thus far, theprofound systemic challenge posed by climate change and the needfor rich and poor countries alike to move to a low-carbon model ofdevelopment dwarf the response.Yet in spite of all this, recent developments provide grounds foroptimism that global governance can do better. The dismal failure inIraq has led to untold suffering for the Iraqi people, but it has alsodriven home the folly of a return to gunboat diplomacy in a multipolarworld. The creation of the International Criminal Court shoulddeter future generations of dictators and torturers who might previouslyhave banked on remaining immune from prosecution. Resurgentdeveloping countries have created new coalitions to challenge theWest’s dominance in organisations such as the WTO. Public awarenessin the West of global poverty and inequality has never been higher,and politicians from all parties appear increasingly concerned aboutthose global issues, such as climate change, that require global responses.The upsurge in civil society organisation worldwide provides a strongimpetus for further progress.Beneath the froth of news and events, attitudes and beliefs arechanging. International human rights laws and treaties are slowlyacquiring weight and traction in the minds of governments andcitizens. Even the most egregious dictators now pay lip service to therhetoric, if not the practice, of rights and democracy; internationalrules on weapons and trade have mitigated some of the worst predatorybehaviour of the powerful; and international co-operation has motivatedinvestment in global public goods. And perhaps most importantof all, international systems have provided a vehicle for solidarity withthe struggles of poor women and men. Nevertheless, the urgency andscale of the challenge means that global governance needs to go muchfurther.Prediction and ambition invariably fall short of what historyactually delivers. In 1808, few foresaw the end of slavery; in 1908,425
FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand was the sole nation with universal suffrage (and eventhere, women could not yet stand for parliament). What changes ofcomparable magnitude will this new century bring? Will it, as somepredict, be the ‘Asian Century’ and see China and India eclipse the oldpowers of Europe and the USA? Is the rise of a global ‘middle class’ ofemerging nations akin to the rise of national middle classes thatheralded the downfall of autocracy and the rise of democracy and, ifso, will we move towards a system of ‘one country, one vote’ or (muchmore radical, but more justifiable in terms of rights) of ‘one person,one vote’ in global institutions? Either would be preferable to the‘one dollar, one vote’ system that prevails today in institutions such asthe IMF.And what of the UN? Will it come of age as something akin to aform of global government, perhaps with the UN Security Councilexpanding its remit from political to economic and environmentalsecurity (a process that is already under way, following its discussionson climate change)?As international institutions, laws, and treaties proliferate, somethingresembling a global government is starting to rise from themorass, but its shape is unclear and its progress is beset with reversals.It looks like a saviour to some, a monster to others. In some lights itappears to be ruled by principles of the survival of the fittest, in othersof global co-operation – Darwin or Gandhi, we do not yet know whowill prevail. But we do know that the outcome will be critical in shapingthe environment in which citizens and states struggle to eradicatepoverty and tackle inequality, suffering, and the threat of environmentalcollapse over the course of this century.426
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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Page 403 and 404: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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Page 409 and 410: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
Page 411 and 412: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
Page 413 and 414: FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
Page 415 and 416: FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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Page 419 and 420: FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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Page 423 and 424: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
Page 425 and 426: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
Page 427 and 428: FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
Page 429 and 430: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
Page 431 and 432: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
Page 433 and 434: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
Page 435 and 436: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
Page 437 and 438: FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
Page 439 and 440: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
Page 441: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
Page 445 and 446: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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Page 449 and 450: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 451 and 452: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
Page 453 and 454: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
Page 455 and 456: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
Page 457 and 458: FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
Page 459 and 460: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
Page 461 and 462: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
Page 463 and 464: FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
Page 465 and 466: FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
Page 467 and 468: FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
Page 469 and 470: FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
Page 471 and 472: FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
Page 473 and 474: FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
Page 475 and 476: FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
Page 477 and 478: FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479 and 480: FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 481 and 482: FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486: FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488: FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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