From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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NOTESFramework Paper drawn up between the government of Zambia and the IMFin 1990 and the two related Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facilities in 1991and 1995. The sequence of adjustment for Malawi is detailed in S. Devereux(1997). The first key commitment was in the second Structural AdjustmentLoan in the 1980s. In 1994 the country’s currency was devalued, leading to amassive increase in fertiliser prices, and all fertiliser subsidies were removed ayear later as a result of World Bank and IMF lending conditions. In bothcountries, the influence and responsibility of the major bilateral donors onthis issue was also very relevant, and particularly ‘the shortsighted and erraticactivities which characterise…what the major donors term as policy’(M. Blackie, personal communication).11 Oxfam International (2002) ‘Death on the Doorstep of the Summit’.12 Oxfam International (2007) ‘Blind Spot: The Continued Failure of the WorldBank and IMF to Fully Assess the Impact of their Advice on Poor People’.13 Oxfam International (2004) ‘From ‘Donorship to Ownership?’.14 Ibid.15 World Bank (2005) ‘Review Of World Bank Conditionality’.16 Seventeen of the 42 countries with IMF-supported programmes during2003–05 included a wage ceiling (D. Goldsbrough 2007). The IMF has nowintroduced a new policy that wage bill ceilings will only be used in ‘exceptionalcircumstances’, although it has failed to specify what such circumstanceswould be.17 J. Stiglitz (2006) op. cit.18 IMF, IMF Survey Magazine, 20 July 2007.19 See, for example, World Bank (2005) ‘Economic Growth in the 1990s:Learning from a Decade of Reform’, and R. Chambers et al. (2000) op. cit.20 N. Woods (2006) op. cit.21 Bretton Woods Project,‘Just Say No: Vocal Rejection of Bank, FundIncreasing’, 2 July 2007.22 N. Birdsall and D. Kapur (2005).23 A. Banerjee et al. (2006).24 Y. Akyüz (2006).25 N. Birdsall and D. Kapur (2005) op. cit.26 D. Green (2003).27 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and Multilateral DebtRelief Initiative (MDRI) – Status of Implementation Report, September 2007.28 www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk/?lid=110329 ‘Nestlé And Ethiopian Government Reach Settlement’, Nestlé press release,24 January 2003.30 Jubilee Debt Coalition (undated) ‘Vulture Funds and Zambia’; C.F. Gueye et al.(2007).31 Full details from the Norwegian Development Ministry at:www.odin.dep.no/ud/english/news/news/032171-070886/dok-bn.html32 M.F. de Castro, University of Brasilia, author interview, 1998.33 Calculated from WTO (2006). The daily trade in more obscure financialproducts, such as derivatives, stood at a further $1.2 trillion. Source:Bank of International Settlements, www.bis.org/publ/rpfx07.htm463
FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006) ‘World Economic and Social Survey 2006’.35 J.M. Keynes (1941).36 Wall Street Journal, 24 May 1985.37 N. Birdsall (2006).38 J. Kimmis (2005).39 Quoted in D. Green (1999).40 NGOs (including Jubilee 2000) had serious reservations about the IMF model– not least that it excluded the IMF itself from having to be subject to any suchmechanism.41 NatWest Group Financial Review, p.34.42 J. Williamson et al. (2003).43 J. Stiglitz (2006) op. cit., p.4.44 ‘The invasion of the sovereign-wealth funds’, Economist, 19 January 2008.45 A. Cobham (2005).46 ‘Report Of Investigation Of Enron Corporation And Related EntitiesRegarding Federal Tax And Compensation Issues, And PolicyRecommendations’, www.gpo.gov/congress/joint/jcs-3-03/vol1/ index.html47 R. Baker (2005).48 J. Kimmis (2005) op. cit.49 This has been proposed by the Tax Justice Network; see:www.taxjustice.net/cms/front_content.php?idcat=250 Landau Commission Final Report,www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/LandauENG1.pdf51 Named after the Nobel prize-winning economist James Tobin, who firstproposed it.52 US International Trade Commission, www.usitc.gov53 OECD (2007) ‘Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries’.54 Oxfam International (2005) ‘A Round for Free’.55 H.-J. Chang and D. Green (2003).56 Oxfam International (2007) ‘Signing Away The Future’.57 Since the accession of China in 2001, the WTO is essentially a global body.Only a few transition economies, notably Russia and the Ukraine, and a fewothers such as Saudi Arabia, have yet to join.58 See Oxfam International (2002) ‘Rigged Rules and Double Standards’; theOxfam International website carries numerous papers on trade issues:www.oxfam.org/en/policy59 Oxfam America (2007) ‘Paying the Price’.60 Oxfam International (2005) ‘Truth or Consequences’.61 Oxfam International (2005) ‘Kicking Down the Door’.62 N. Schrijver and F. Weiss (2004).63 SUNS #5784, 20 April 2005.64 H.-J. Chang (2001) Kicking Away the Ladder.65 R. Falvey and N. Foster (2006). The same study also found that weak IPprotection has actually stimulated R&D activity in many countries byencouraging knowledge spillovers from transnational corporations and otherdomestic firms.464
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
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First published by Oxfam Internatio
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PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
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FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
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FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
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PART ONE
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
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1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
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PART TWOThe political roots of deve
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
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I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
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2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where pub
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
Page 429 and 430: FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
Page 431 and 432: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
Page 433 and 434: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
Page 435 and 436: FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
Page 437 and 438: FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
Page 439 and 440: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
Page 441 and 442: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
Page 443 and 444: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
Page 445 and 446: FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
Page 447 and 448: FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
Page 449 and 450: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
Page 451 and 452: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
Page 453 and 454: FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
Page 455 and 456: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
Page 457 and 458: FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
Page 459 and 460: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
Page 461 and 462: FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
Page 463 and 464: FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
Page 465 and 466: FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
Page 467 and 468: FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
Page 469 and 470: FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
Page 471 and 472: FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
Page 473 and 474: FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
Page 475 and 476: FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
Page 477 and 478: FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
Page 479: FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
Page 483 and 484: FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
Page 485 and 486: FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
Page 487 and 488: FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
Page 489 and 490: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
Page 491 and 492: FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
Page 493 and 494: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
Page 495 and 496: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
Page 497 and 498: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
Page 499 and 500: FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
Page 501 and 502: FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
Page 503 and 504: FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
Page 505 and 506: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
Page 507 and 508: FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
Page 509 and 510: FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
Page 511 and 512: FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
Page 513 and 514: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
Page 515 and 516: FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
Page 517 and 518: FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
Page 519 and 520: FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
Page 521 and 522: FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
Page 523 and 524: FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
Page 525 and 526: FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
Page 527 and 528: FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
Page 529 and 530: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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