From Poverty to Power Green, Oxfam 2008 - weman

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2 POWER AND POLITICS I READ, THEREFORE I AMfill in forms, read letters from our parents after we get married, be ableto leave the village (we can’t read the destination on the bus!), get a goodmatch, find a government job’. 28Essential services improve the quality of life, enable poor communitiesto become active participants in society at large, and boost theeconomy.Properly funded, well-managed, quality public services are acrucial means of combating inequality, redistributing power andvoice across the generations. In contrast, underfunded, poor-qualitypublic services further marginalise the most excluded members ofsociety, entrenching inequality.Public services have a significant impact on gender inequality. Anabsence of good-quality essential services has a doubly negativeimpact on women and girls. First, when public services have to be paidfor, men and boys consistently have greater access to them. Boys arethe ones for whom families find school fees, and the cost of treatmentfor sick fathers comes before spending on sick mothers. Second, in theabsence of essential public services, it is women and girls who all toooften have to take up the slack. It is they who have to trudge for milesto get water, and it is an army of home-based women carers across theworld who have to take up the burden of care for relatives in theabsence of public provision. Free public services and the emancipationof women are two sides of the same coin.Workers providing public services are often among the more activecitizens, beyond their immediate roles as providers of education orhealth care. In rural communities, the teacher is often an importantlocal figure, and the school one of the few visible manifestations of thestate. Public sector trade unions are often highly active in broaderpolitics, and in some countries have faced severe repression.Nevertheless, despite the essential role of public services in development,millions of people are still dying, sick, or out of school becausethere are not enough teachers, nurses, or doctors in poor countries.Oxfam estimates that two million more teachers and 4.25 millionmore health workers must be recruited across the developing world tomake health and education for all a reality. Aid donors are failing toplug the gap: only 8 cents in each aid dollar is channelled intogovernment plans that include the training and salaries of teachersand health workers. 2941
FROM POVERTY TO POWEREven where public services exist, they often fail to address thediverse needs of women, poor, elderly, and disabled people, people livingwith HIV or AIDS, or from particular ethnic or religious groups.This may be due in part to the fact that government officials areoverwhelmingly male, relatively well-off, able-bodied, and from anethnic majority – which highlights the importance of involving arepresentative range of citizens in shaping policies and in deliveringservices.Health is discussed in Part 4, while this section explores education,water and sanitation, and fertility control, as well as the roles of citizensand states in providing essential services.EDUCATIONEducation is crucial in breaking the cycle of poverty. It is a right initself, and it equips individuals to lead full lives, understand the world,and ultimately gain the self-confidence to make themselves heard.Good-quality education is emancipatory, a path to greater freedomand choice, and opens the door to improved health, earning opportunities,and material well-being. On average, each additional year offormal schooling increases a worker’s wages by 5–10 per cent, and theskills gained can transform the quality of life for generations tocome. 30Over the past ten years, Brazil has managed to reduce its historicallyextreme inequality to its lowest level in 30 years, in large part byproviding education to poor people, along with social protectionschemes. 31 Schooling is the single most powerful way to break thetransmission of deprivation from one generation to the next. Whensuch services are paid for by progressive taxation, the impact in reducinginequality is all the greater.Conversely, the absence of education perpetuates inequalities.Children are less likely to receive an education if they are girls, live inrural areas, or are poor. When all three sources of exclusion coincide,the results can be startling. In Guinea, a boy living in an urban area,with an educated mother and belonging to the wealthiest quintile,is 126 times more likely to attend school than a rural girl from thepoorest quintile with an uneducated mother. 3242
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OXFAM INTERNATIONALOxfam Internatio
Page 5 and 6:
First published by Oxfam Internatio
Page 7 and 8: PART 4 RISK AND VULNERABILITY 197Li
Page 9: LIST OF ACRONYMSAIDSARTARVASEANAUCA
Page 12 and 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe word ‘editor
Page 14 and 15: FOREWORDGeorge Bernard Shaw argued
Page 16 and 17: FOREWORDThis book, which I hope wil
Page 18 and 19: PART ONE
Page 20 and 21: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDEnd
Page 22 and 23: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDExt
Page 24 and 25: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDPOV
Page 26 and 27: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDSuc
Page 28 and 29: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDACT
Page 30 and 31: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDpeo
Page 32 and 33: 1 INTRODUCTION THE UNEQUAL WORLDcom
Page 34 and 35: PART TWOThe political roots of deve
Page 36 and 37: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 38 and 39: 2 POWER AND POLITICS THE POLITICAL
Page 40 and 41: I HAVE RIGHTS, THEREFORE I AMThe hi
Page 42 and 43: 2 POWER AND POLITICS I HAVE RIGHTS,
Page 53 and 54: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe attitudes
Page 55 and 56: FROM POVERTY TO POWERJain: ‘A man
Page 57: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI READ, THEREF
Page 61 and 62: FROM POVERTY TO POWERplayed a pivot
Page 63 and 64: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite some p
Page 65 and 66: FROM POVERTY TO POWERof sub-Saharan
Page 67 and 68: FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn water servi
Page 69 and 70: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI SURF, THEREF
Page 71 and 72: FROM POVERTY TO POWERDespite the hy
Page 73 and 74: FROM POVERTY TO POWERresearch effor
Page 75 and 76: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWE ORGANISE, T
Page 77 and 78: FROM POVERTY TO POWERreinforce disc
Page 79 and 80: FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe bedrock of
Page 81 and 82: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwith imperviou
Page 83 and 84: FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernments an
Page 85 and 86: FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYand
Page 87 and 88: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI OWN, THEREFO
Page 89 and 90: FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘breathe lif
Page 91 and 92: FROM POVERTY TO POWERLAND REFORM‘
Page 93 and 94: FROM POVERTY TO POWERled to the cou
Page 95 and 96: FROM POVERTY TO POWERthese things.
Page 97 and 98: FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhile Benin an
Page 99 and 100: FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhere flawed d
Page 101 and 102: FROM POVERTY TO POWERstarted to att
Page 103 and 104: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI STEAL, THERE
Page 105 and 106: FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CURSE OF W
Page 107 and 108: FROM POVERTY TO POWERI RULE, THEREF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe turn of th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 2.2ARE EFF
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER‘embedded au
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the face of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcost incurred
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Horn of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFROM POVERTY T
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAN ECONOMICS F
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpicture it off
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe work of wo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile the envi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcan be broaden
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbut are largel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERaltogether. Ru
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 3.2: MO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERin their relat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERliving from lo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERenvironments.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthem farming o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe jury is al
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERor credit to i
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERplanned mill.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto begin with.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprogrammes (SA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfertilisers to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDomestic and r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHOW CHANGE HAP
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE CHANGING W
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe nature of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNOBODY’S FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFordist mass p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand Palau have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA similar situ
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMany unions ha
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 3.5INDIA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERrather than di
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROne trade agre
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPRIVATE SECTOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERothers see the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlocal producer
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile China’
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcountries rock
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLocal NGOs and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbetter off eve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTwenty years o
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcompanies (for
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigh- and midd
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir comparat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchange is such
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYThe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseason, or whe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING WITH RI
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERInsecurity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand withstand
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcomprehensive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFIGURE 4.2: CA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER(although deli
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfailure, notab
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhave a dignifi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStandard beare
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhile more exp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYtwo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFINANCE AND VU
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERas the insuran
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHUNGER AND FAM
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfirewood for s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe 1973 droug
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA human securi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERof the Black D
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREveryone has a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERstate-of-the-a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER24-hour advice
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTherefore when
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment to
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwhether in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn regions pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe key to suc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 4.5:CUBA V
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdisaster-drive
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn enhancing h
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhigher confide
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn Africa’s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtheir source:
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcommunity and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfrom this have
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLIVING ON THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERLike Australia
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA positive fut
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcome out all s
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERareas or among
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERToday, though
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinferior on th
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreplaced the t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCourt, for exa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSHOCKS AND CHA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMajor changes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpassed from be
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWHO RULES THE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPowerful state
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThroughout the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERinflationary p
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhen critics r
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFund now both
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERbecome more pr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcrisis consist
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER- rather than
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERhis call the f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Sudden inf
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERthe USA is cur
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERto reduce the
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THE INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMTRA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPatents: Intel
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdumping on wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMost alarming
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERprotectionism
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe vast major
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPrices for som
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Establish
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERborder, or at
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBOX 5.1MIGRANT
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERnumber of‘fr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERFor example, q
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMotivated by a
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIn the Uruguay
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlong-term deve
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERimportance in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUN Global Comp
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe drivers of
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMore broadly,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWhatever the m
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe heightened
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe aid optimi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand 2006/07, f
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment dow
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERpractice, but
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithholding ai
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER1950s and 1960
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERchanged. Simil
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERremain in the
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERand the UN pro
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA decade on, t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYFebr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE INTERNATIO
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe humanitari
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe wrong kind
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERlead agencies
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgovernment in
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe only probl
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERopportunity is
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERREFUGEESPeople
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWest African S
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERdrivers of con
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCASE STUDYgrou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCLIMATE CHANGE
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERwithout heavy
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERunless the wor
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERcap the aspira
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERreduce the qua
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERThe CDM is bes
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERAccused variou
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERemissions by 8
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBangladesh and
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOBAL GOVERNA
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNew Zealand wa
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERA NEW DEAL FOR
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER430
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHow change hap
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER• Family str
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERTHE DYNAMICS O
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERseeking change
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWithin many de
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERSecond, becaus
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER15 For a more
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER41 WaterAid (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER121 UNDP (2007
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER46 R. Offenhei
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER106 M. Rama (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER172 P. Chaudhr
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER37 FAO (2007).
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER94 IPCC (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER155 UN OCHA (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER34 UN (2006)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER101 M. Chen (2
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER168 D. Rodrik
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER215 UN Framewo
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBIBLIOGRAPHYAc
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERBoko, M., I. N
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERCiconello, A.
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERDFID (2005)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGaleano, E. (1
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERHopkins Leishe
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERKeynes, J.M. (
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERMoran, T. (200
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Intermó
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERRama, M. (2003
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERStockbridge, M
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERUNESCO (2007)
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERWorld Bank (20
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEROxfam Australi
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERGLOSSARYAccoun
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FROM POVERTY TO POWEREffective stat
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERNeoclassicalec
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERINDEXPage numb
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERfinancial inst
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER303, 304, 305,
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERgrowth 114, 18
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERIndia:access t
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERJapan:climate
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERPacific region
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FROM POVERTY TO POWERtransnational
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FROM POVERTY TO POWER241; human sec
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