Aboriginal Co-operatives in Canada - Centre for the Study of Co ...

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6.2 EmploymentFigure 6.2 shows the numberFigure 6.2 Total Employees -NWT Vsof people employed byNWT Aboriginal Co-opsAboriginal co-ops in NWT.30,000700613The data compiled by the CooperativesSecretariat does not58824,79154060025,00021,51522,289 23,446573 25,02150020,000separate between Aboriginaland non-Aboriginalemployees. We could40940015,00030010,000however extrapolate the200proportion of Aboriginal5,000100workers from population data00gathered through the 19911993 1994 1995Years1996 1997census (Statistics Canada) andreported in the “BasicNWT Employees Total Co-op EmployeesDepartmental Data –1997” of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development 25 .According to these data, about 53% of the population with income in NWT are of Aboriginaldescent. If this percent is valid for Aboriginal co-ops, then only about half of the workers wouldbe of native origin. Nonetheless, the big majority (about 80%) of the co-ops are located either inrural or remote areas, where the non-Aboriginal population is almost non-existent. Therefore, wewould expect the proportion of Aboriginal employees in co-ops to be much more than 53%.NWTNWT Aboriginal Co-opsThere was a large increase in the number of employees from 1993 to 1994, due to a reportingproblem in 1993 that underestimated the number of workers by about 100. However, an increasein output (sales) of NWT co-ops in 1994 could account for some of the increase.When compared to employment growth in NWT, co-ops have hired on average 12% moreworkers each year, while employment in the NWT economy increased only 3.9% each year onaverage, during the 1993 − 1997 period. Even if 1993 and 1994 are removed (because of the dataproblems noted above), employment growth in co-ops is still higher than in the NWT in general(6.6% versus 3.3%) during the remaining period (1995 to 1997).25 The North, in Basic Departmental Data 1997 – Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development,Information Management Branch, March 1998.107
6.3 Salaries and WagesNWT Aboriginal co-ops paid a total amount of almost $11 millions in 1993 in salaries and wagesand more than $16 million in 1997 − an average annual increase of 10.8%. During the sameperiod, salaries and wages paid by NWT businesses increased at an annual average rate of 4.75%.Canadian businesses have not done better with an average annual increase of salaries of only3.5%. Clearly, NWT Aboriginal co-ops are growing and their growth is reflected in theincreasing mass of their salaries.Table 6.1 Comparative Average Annual Salaries and Wages – NWT, Canadaand Aboriginal Co-ops1993 1994 1995 1996 1997Average Canadian (private sector) Salary 29,012 29,546 29,833 30,470 31,107Average NWT (private sector) Salary 36,492 36,571 36,907 37,503 37,747Average Aboriginal Co-ops Salary 26,241 22,278 26,206 25,997 26,210Nonetheless, the growth of total salaries does not hide the low average wage per worker in anAboriginal co-op. In fact, while NWT companies paid their employees an average salary of37,747$ in 1997, the average worker in a NWT Aboriginal co-op received only $26,210. Thissalary is even lower than the average Canadian salary of $31,107 in 1997. However, the averagesalary in the NWT is heavily weighted by the high salaries in Yellowknife, where only few coopsare established.The fact that co-op workersFigure 6.3 Average Salary: Aboriginal Co-ops, NWT (privatereceive low salaries is notsector), and Canada (private sector)very surprising if we consider40,000that the majority of workers in 38,00037,747Aboriginal co-ops are of36,00036,492 36,57136,90737,50334,000Aboriginal descent. We know 32,00031,10730,000that the average Aboriginal30,47029,54629,83328,000 29,012income is about only 43%26,00026,21026,241 26,20625,99724,000(42.5% in the 1991 census) ofnon-Aboriginal income. If the22,00020,00022,278Aboriginal co-op pays an1993 1994 1995 1996 1997income equal to 69% (i.e.Years$26210 divided by $37747 in 1997) of non-Aboriginal (NWT) income it is still better than whatAnnual Salary ($)AverageCanadian SalaryAverage NWTSalaryAverage Salaryin Aboriginal Coops108
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A REPORT ONAboriginalCo-operativesi
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Copyright © 2001 Centre for the St
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A B O R I G I N A L C O - O P E R A
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A B O R I G I N A L C O - O P E R A
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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F O R E W O R DThe Nature of This S
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~ F O R E W O R DCo-operatives are
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C H A P T E RO N EThe Current State
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EGove
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EFirs
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T ESelf
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EUnde
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EThir
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Eretu
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Ehave
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Epatt
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EOngo
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Epote
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SThe ne
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SEmergi
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E Sl’Ou
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SConclu
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SAkochi
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SManage
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SConclu
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~ T H E P O T E N T I A L F O R G R
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Page 58 and 59: ~ T H E P O T E N T I A L F O R G R
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Page 62 and 63: APPENDIX APART 1Socio-Economic Prof
Page 64 and 65: 5. Relative performance of consumer
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Page 68 and 69: 1. Formation of Aboriginal Co-ops a
Page 70 and 71: is even more striking when we look
Page 72 and 73: The dichotomous structure ofactivit
Page 74 and 75: 2.2 Sectoraldistribution ofAborigin
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Page 78 and 79: 77Table 2.3 ACTIVITIES OF A SAMPLE
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Page 82 and 83: The selling of Inuit art by individ
Page 84 and 85: caisses populaires Desjardins. The
Page 86 and 87: Both the Federal and Provincial Gov
Page 88 and 89: 4.2 Sales GrowthIn this section, we
Page 90 and 91: products (basically food and hardwa
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Page 94 and 95: health of co-ops in general. Unlike
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Page 98 and 99: 5. Relative Performance of Consumer
Page 100 and 101: 5.3 Consumer Products and Food Sale
Page 102 and 103: The “Aboriginal” member spends
Page 104 and 105: to other consumer co-ops.It was als
Page 106 and 107: Aboriginal) are more liquid than th
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Page 112 and 113: of two major components: property (
Page 114 and 115: In short, Inuit co-ops are an impor
Page 116 and 117: 115Table 6.3 Selected Statistics of
Page 118 and 119: some analysis that we felt was impo
Page 120 and 121: Aboriginal co-ops remain active in
Page 122 and 123: Indian Affairs and Northern Develop
Page 124 and 125: HIGHLIGHTS• Population, including
Page 126 and 127: PopulationFigure A.1 Population in
Page 128 and 129: Table A.1 Public School Enrollments
Page 130 and 131: Table A.4 Aboriginal Employment Rat
Page 132 and 133: were 13.7% and 20.7% respectively,
Page 134 and 135: Consumer Price Index (CPI)Figure A.
Page 136 and 137: D. Finance and InvestmentThis secti
Page 138 and 139: BibliographyCensus Dictionary, Fina
Page 140 and 141: FIGURE B1 A MAP OF CANADIAN ABORIGI
Page 142 and 143: ~ P E R S P E C T I V E S O F R E G
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2.0 INCREASING SELF-RELIANCE2.1 LAN
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CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING CORPORA
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3.0 SUPPORTIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
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INDIAN AND NORTHERN AFFAIRS CANADA1
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1.4 INNOVATION (FINANCIAL AND NON-F
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2.2 WORKFORCE TRAINING AND EXPERIEN
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3.2 CONNECTEDNESS INITIATIVESProgra
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2.3 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE REFORMProgram
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Part 3: Provincial/Territorial Init
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~ P R O V I N C I A L / T E R R I T
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A P P E N D I XCCo-operatives in Qu
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Bibliography[Quotes in the body of
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Y2. In-Person
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Yissues; area
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A P P E N D I XHCase Study Guidelin
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SA P P E N D
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthe main foc
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthey sold, t
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sboth in Sask
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sestimate the
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SThey are les
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A P P E N D I X I ~have been diffic
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A P P E N D I X I ~arts and crafts.
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A P P E N D I X I ~286 ~
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SIkaluktutiak
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A P P E N D I X I ~In order to meet
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A P P E N D I X I ~and recently dra
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A P P E N D I X I ~The bakery was s
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill describes h
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A P P E N D I X I ~Reasons for Succ
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill states, “
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A P P E N D I X I ~The future looks
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A P P E N D I X I ~communities in C
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A P P E N D I X I ~third parties wh
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A P P E N D I X I ~measure of confi
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~number of areas,
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A P P E N D I X I ~although the org
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~Apaqtukewaq Fish
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A P P E N D I X I ~ManagementIn the
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A P P E N D I X I ~Anishinabek Nati
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A P P E N D I X I ~termed Aborigina
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A P P E N D I X I ~Profitable Proje
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A P P E N D I X I ~ANCU will only b
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A P P E N D I X I ~3. Funding is se
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A P P E N D I X I ~knowledgeable ab
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A P P E N D I X I ~Native Inter-Tri
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A P P E N D I X I ~are both working
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A P P E N D I X I ~local school and
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A P P E N D I X I ~We found that th
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A P P E N D I X I ~In return for th
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A P P E N D I X I ~When they do hav
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A P P E N D I X I ~The two NITH int
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A P P E N D I X I ~for anyone to us
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A P P E N D I X I ~youth of the com
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Involv
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A P P E N D I X I ~Advice to Others
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A P P E N D I X I ~Neechi Foods Co-
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Impact
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A P P E N D I X I ~few years as a r
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A P P E N D I X I ~The worker co-op
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A P P E N D I X I ~Since the start
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A P P E N D I X I ~to urban Native
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A P P E N D I X I ~December because
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A P P E N D I X I ~Social Attitudes
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A P P E N D I X I ~years ago. The o
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A P P E N D I X I ~sources can be m
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A P P E N D I X I ~Wilp Sa Maa’y
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A P P E N D I X I ~opened an accoun
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A P P E N D I X I ~grow on the coas
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A P P E N D I X I ~We also need to
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A P P E N D I X I ~• We gave pres
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A P P E N D I X I ~its direction. (
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A P P E N D I XJAdditional Case Stu
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A P P E N D I X J : A D D I T I O N
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A P P E N D I X K : T H E C O N S U
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