Aboriginal Co-operatives in Canada - Centre for the Study of Co ...

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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EFirst Nation reserve to proceed not in bits and pieces but according to a comprehensive plancomposed of three integrated elements:• a plan to help individuals and communities recover from the pathologicalconsequences of poverty and powerlessness;• a plan for Indian people to protect their interests in land and resources; and• a concerted effort at human resource and cultural development.At the very heart of this position was the assumption that economic development must bedirected by Aboriginal peoples so that both individual and communal interests could be takeninto account.A recent study by Robert Anderson of economic development among Aboriginal peoples inCanada concluded thatOverall, individual First Nations and Inuit and Metis communities exhibit a predominatelycollective approach to economic development that is closely tied to each group’s traditionallands, its identity as a nation and its desire to be self-governing. This collectivedevelopment approach is intended to serve three purposes: the attainment of economicself-sufficiency, the improvement of socio-economic circumstance, and the preservationand strengthening of traditional culture, values and languages. It is this strong collectiveaspect with its “national” focus and its emphasis placed on culture, values and languagesthat distinguishes the approach to economic development of Aboriginal people andcommunities from the approach of other Canadian communities of a similar size and insimilar locations. 6Anderson also notes that there is general agreement among Aboriginal people that buildingeconomic self-sufficiency requires participation in the global economy through businessdevelopment, often in partnership with others. 7 . To further their objective of finding corporatepartners for Aboriginal business development, the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) organizedthe National Chief’s Think Tank on First Nations Economic Development in Banff, October2000. At this event, Aboriginal business leaders met with leaders of corporate Canada todevelop strategies oriented towards encouraging private and collective entrepreneurship inpartnership with corporate investors. In support of this, the AFN is setting up an economicdevelopment commission, with an objective to improve the quality of economic development6 Robert Brent Anderson, Economic Development among the Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: The Hope for theFuture (North York: Captus Press, 1999), pp. 13–14.7 The Promise of the Future: Achieving Economic Self-Sufficiency Through Access to Capital (Ottawa: NationalAboriginal Financing Task Force, 1996).~ 19
A B O R I G I N A L C O - O P E R A T I V E S I N C A N A D A ~information in First Nation communities by increasing the type of information, feedback,research, and tools available. 8Aboriginal leaders have also emphasized the importance of broad approaches to development,including concerns for governance, culture, spirituality, education, training, community healing,social development, and resource cultivation. Many Arctic regions are now in the “postland-claimera” and are wrestling with the challenge of creating sustainable economic development.Nunavut represents a remarkable experiment in developing economic self-sufficiencyin a way that incorporates “Inuit cultural values into the many new businesses which will formthe backbone of the emerging economy.” The vision is perhaps captured best in the objectivesof the Canadian Inuit Business Development Council, established in 1994:• to organize the members into a co-operative network to promote economicdevelopment and self-sufficiency in Inuit regions and communities;• to develop economic co-operation, trade, and business, not just in Canada butin the circumpolar world; and• to promote Inuit employment and training opportunities in co-operative economicventures and activities undertaken by Inuit communities, organizations, or othergroups. 9Innovative economic and social development strategies, such as the approach of the Creecommunity of Ouje-Bougoumou, located in Abitibi, provide another model of developmentrooted in community needs. Expelled from their land and marginalized from political andeconomic life, the residents of Ouje-Bougoumou have developed their community with an eyeto self-determination. In twenty years, they have rebuilt the village using the local workforceand established a series of public and community services (health service, youth centre,seniors’ residence, daycare, school, and cultural centre). The development model, while notspecifically a co-operative, is exclusively community-based, similar to the kibbutz model ofIsrael.Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal PeoplesOne of the most recent revealing general enquiries into Aboriginal economic development isthe Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). The report identified thatthere will be a need for more than three hundred thousand new jobs for Aboriginal peoples bythe year 2016, a truly intimidating challenge given the limited opportunities currently apparentin many Aboriginal communities.8 http:/wwwafn.ca/afnenglish/eco_development_secretariat.htm9 “Building a Sustainable Future,” Inuits of Canada wep page, Inuit Tapirisat web site, (http://www.tapirisat.ca),January, 2001.20 ~ H A M M O N D K E T I L S O N / M A C P H E R S O N
Page 1 and 2: A REPORT ONAboriginalCo-operativesi
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Page 10 and 11: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
Page 12 and 13: F O R E W O R DThe Nature of This S
Page 14 and 15: ~ F O R E W O R DCo-operatives are
Page 16 and 17: C H A P T E RO N EThe Current State
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Page 48 and 49: ~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SManage
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Page 62 and 63: APPENDIX APART 1Socio-Economic Prof
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is even more striking when we look
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The dichotomous structure ofactivit
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2.2 Sectoraldistribution ofAborigin
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in sectors that are more labor inte
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77Table 2.3 ACTIVITIES OF A SAMPLE
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3. Organization of Aboriginal co-op
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The selling of Inuit art by individ
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caisses populaires Desjardins. The
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Both the Federal and Provincial Gov
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4.2 Sales GrowthIn this section, we
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products (basically food and hardwa
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in employment between 1993 and 1997
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health of co-ops in general. Unlike
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“overcapitalization” by Aborigi
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5. Relative Performance of Consumer
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5.3 Consumer Products and Food Sale
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The “Aboriginal” member spends
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to other consumer co-ops.It was als
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Aboriginal) are more liquid than th
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6.2 EmploymentFigure 6.2 shows the
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Aboriginal workers could receive el
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of two major components: property (
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In short, Inuit co-ops are an impor
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115Table 6.3 Selected Statistics of
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some analysis that we felt was impo
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Aboriginal co-ops remain active in
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Indian Affairs and Northern Develop
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HIGHLIGHTS• Population, including
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PopulationFigure A.1 Population in
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Table A.1 Public School Enrollments
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Table A.4 Aboriginal Employment Rat
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were 13.7% and 20.7% respectively,
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Consumer Price Index (CPI)Figure A.
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D. Finance and InvestmentThis secti
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BibliographyCensus Dictionary, Fina
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FIGURE B1 A MAP OF CANADIAN ABORIGI
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~ P E R S P E C T I V E S O F R E G
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2.0 INCREASING SELF-RELIANCE2.1 LAN
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CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING CORPORA
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3.0 SUPPORTIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
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INDIAN AND NORTHERN AFFAIRS CANADA1
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1.4 INNOVATION (FINANCIAL AND NON-F
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2.2 WORKFORCE TRAINING AND EXPERIEN
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3.2 CONNECTEDNESS INITIATIVESProgra
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2.3 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE REFORMProgram
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Part 3: Provincial/Territorial Init
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~ P R O V I N C I A L / T E R R I T
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A P P E N D I XCCo-operatives in Qu
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Bibliography[Quotes in the body of
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~ S T A T E M E N T O N T H E C O -
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Y2. In-Person
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Yissues; area
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A P P E N D I XHCase Study Guidelin
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SA P P E N D
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthe main foc
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthey sold, t
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sboth in Sask
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sestimate the
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SThey are les
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A P P E N D I X I ~have been diffic
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A P P E N D I X I ~arts and crafts.
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A P P E N D I X I ~286 ~
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A P P E N D I X I ~288 ~
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SIkaluktutiak
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A P P E N D I X I ~In order to meet
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A P P E N D I X I ~and recently dra
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A P P E N D I X I ~The bakery was s
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill describes h
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A P P E N D I X I ~Reasons for Succ
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill states, “
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A P P E N D I X I ~The future looks
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A P P E N D I X I ~communities in C
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A P P E N D I X I ~third parties wh
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A P P E N D I X I ~measure of confi
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~number of areas,
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A P P E N D I X I ~although the org
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~Apaqtukewaq Fish
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A P P E N D I X I ~ManagementIn the
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A P P E N D I X I ~Anishinabek Nati
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A P P E N D I X I ~termed Aborigina
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A P P E N D I X I ~Profitable Proje
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A P P E N D I X I ~ANCU will only b
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A P P E N D I X I ~3. Funding is se
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A P P E N D I X I ~knowledgeable ab
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A P P E N D I X I ~Native Inter-Tri
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A P P E N D I X I ~are both working
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A P P E N D I X I ~local school and
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A P P E N D I X I ~We found that th
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A P P E N D I X I ~In return for th
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A P P E N D I X I ~When they do hav
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A P P E N D I X I ~The two NITH int
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A P P E N D I X I ~for anyone to us
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A P P E N D I X I ~youth of the com
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Involv
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A P P E N D I X I ~Advice to Others
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A P P E N D I X I ~Neechi Foods Co-
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Impact
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A P P E N D I X I ~few years as a r
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A P P E N D I X I ~The worker co-op
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A P P E N D I X I ~Since the start
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A P P E N D I X I ~to urban Native
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A P P E N D I X I ~December because
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A P P E N D I X I ~Social Attitudes
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A P P E N D I X I ~years ago. The o
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A P P E N D I X I ~sources can be m
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A P P E N D I X I ~Wilp Sa Maa’y
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A P P E N D I X I ~opened an accoun
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A P P E N D I X I ~grow on the coas
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A P P E N D I X I ~We also need to
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A P P E N D I X I ~• We gave pres
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A P P E N D I X I ~its direction. (
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A P P E N D I XJAdditional Case Stu
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A P P E N D I X J : A D D I T I O N
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A P P E N D I X K : T H E C O N S U
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