Aboriginal Co-operatives in Canada - Centre for the Study of Co ...

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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T ESelf-government without a significant base would be an exercise in illusion and futility.How to achieve a more self-reliant economic base is thus one of the most importantquestions to be resolved.RCAP, vol. 2, p. 775RCAP also identified four premises with regard to the current state of economic developmentwithin Aboriginal communities—the reasons and the pressing needs for fundamentally newways of thinking to move beyond the status quo. They were as follows.The Importance of HistoryThe principal factor that brought Aboriginal communities to the point of impoverishmentover the centuries was the intervention—deliberate or unintended, wellintentioned or self-interested—of non-Aboriginal society.... But the factors that definehow Aboriginal economies operate must change, as must the share of economic powerexercised by Aboriginal people. In the economic realm, as in governance, it is necessaryto make room so the Aboriginal people can develop their own solutions.The Importance of the CollectivityPolicy makers and the general public have tended to assume that the economic problemsof Aboriginal communities can be resolved by strategies directed to individualsthought to be in need of assistance. Typically, the problem is defined as Aboriginalindividuals not having access to opportunities for employment or businessdevelopment in the larger Canadian society.This approach ignores the importance of the collectivity in Aboriginal society(the extended family, the community, the nation) and of rights, institutions, andrelationships that are collective in nature. It also overlooks the fact that economicdevelopment is the product of the interaction of many factors—health, education,self-worth, functioning communities, stable environments, and so on.The Importance of Seeing Economic Development as a ProcessThe economic development of any community or nation is a process—a complicatedand difficult one—that can be supported or frustrated. It cannot be delivered prefabricatedfrom Ottawa or from provincial or territorial capitals. The principalparticipants, those on whom success directly depends, are the individuals andcollectivities of Aboriginal nations. The role of Aboriginal or non-Aboriginalgovernments should be to support the process, help create the conditions underwhich economic development can thrive, and remove the obstacles that stand inthe way.~ 21
A B O R I G I N A L C O - O P E R A T I V E S I N C A N A D A ~The Importance of Recognizing the Diversity of Aboriginal EconomiesOne of the implications of this diversity is that it is no longer helpful, if it ever was, foreconomic development policy to be issued from Ottawa or a provincial/territorialcapital and applied uniformly to a range of conditions. This is one of the compellingreasons for locating authority and resources to support economic development in thehands of appropriate Aboriginal institutions at the level of the nation and community.These kinds of reflections led the royal commission to comment as follows:Under current conditions and approaches to economic development, we could seelittle prospect for a better future. From this experience, we came to the conclusion thatachieving a more self-reliant economic base for Aboriginal communities and nationswill require significant, even radical departures, from business as usual. We also becameconvinced that existing conditions and approaches entail enormous human andfinancial costs, a fact that also adds urgency to the search for better solutions. 10The direction indicated by RCAP has been endorsed by the Council for the Advancement ofNative Development Officers (CANDO), a group that could play a crucial role in promotingand further developing the co-operative model among First Nations people.The authors of this report similarly endorse these premises and believe they form an importantbackground for considering the possibilities of co-operative enterprise among Aboriginal peoples.While recognizing that there has been much good intent by government officials andAboriginal peoples in the past, they believe these premises offer the direction in which bettersolutions can be found in the future.The authors also accept the position put forward by the royal commission, and confirmed byexperience throughout North America, that long-term, permanent success will be dependentupon five critical factors:• restoration of power and control over lands and resources;• development of a positive and encouraging social/political/cultural climatefor Aboriginal economic development;• development of enabling instruments for use in surmounting the problemsfacing Aboriginal economic development;• development of a skilled and positive forward-looking labour force; and• acceptance and willingness to engage in economic activity by the mainstreamin collaboration with Aboriginal people.10 “Economic Development,” chapter five, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1997, p. 1.22 ~ H A M M O N D K E T I L S O N / M A C P H E R S O N
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The dichotomous structure ofactivit
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2.2 Sectoraldistribution ofAborigin
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in sectors that are more labor inte
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77Table 2.3 ACTIVITIES OF A SAMPLE
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3. Organization of Aboriginal co-op
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The selling of Inuit art by individ
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caisses populaires Desjardins. The
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Both the Federal and Provincial Gov
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4.2 Sales GrowthIn this section, we
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products (basically food and hardwa
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in employment between 1993 and 1997
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health of co-ops in general. Unlike
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“overcapitalization” by Aborigi
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5. Relative Performance of Consumer
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5.3 Consumer Products and Food Sale
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The “Aboriginal” member spends
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to other consumer co-ops.It was als
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Aboriginal) are more liquid than th
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6.2 EmploymentFigure 6.2 shows the
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Aboriginal workers could receive el
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of two major components: property (
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In short, Inuit co-ops are an impor
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115Table 6.3 Selected Statistics of
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some analysis that we felt was impo
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Aboriginal co-ops remain active in
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Indian Affairs and Northern Develop
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HIGHLIGHTS• Population, including
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PopulationFigure A.1 Population in
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Table A.1 Public School Enrollments
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Table A.4 Aboriginal Employment Rat
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were 13.7% and 20.7% respectively,
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Consumer Price Index (CPI)Figure A.
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D. Finance and InvestmentThis secti
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BibliographyCensus Dictionary, Fina
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FIGURE B1 A MAP OF CANADIAN ABORIGI
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~ P E R S P E C T I V E S O F R E G
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2.0 INCREASING SELF-RELIANCE2.1 LAN
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CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING CORPORA
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3.0 SUPPORTIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
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INDIAN AND NORTHERN AFFAIRS CANADA1
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1.4 INNOVATION (FINANCIAL AND NON-F
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2.2 WORKFORCE TRAINING AND EXPERIEN
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3.2 CONNECTEDNESS INITIATIVESProgra
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2.3 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE REFORMProgram
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Part 3: Provincial/Territorial Init
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Bibliography[Quotes in the body of
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Yissues; area
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A P P E N D I XHCase Study Guidelin
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SA P P E N D
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthe main foc
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthey sold, t
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sboth in Sask
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sestimate the
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SThey are les
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A P P E N D I X I ~have been diffic
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A P P E N D I X I ~arts and crafts.
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SIkaluktutiak
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A P P E N D I X I ~In order to meet
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A P P E N D I X I ~and recently dra
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A P P E N D I X I ~The bakery was s
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill describes h
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A P P E N D I X I ~Reasons for Succ
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill states, “
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A P P E N D I X I ~The future looks
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A P P E N D I X I ~communities in C
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A P P E N D I X I ~third parties wh
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A P P E N D I X I ~measure of confi
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~number of areas,
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A P P E N D I X I ~although the org
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~Apaqtukewaq Fish
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A P P E N D I X I ~ManagementIn the
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A P P E N D I X I ~Anishinabek Nati
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A P P E N D I X I ~termed Aborigina
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A P P E N D I X I ~Profitable Proje
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A P P E N D I X I ~ANCU will only b
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A P P E N D I X I ~3. Funding is se
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A P P E N D I X I ~knowledgeable ab
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A P P E N D I X I ~Native Inter-Tri
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A P P E N D I X I ~are both working
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A P P E N D I X I ~local school and
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A P P E N D I X I ~We found that th
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A P P E N D I X I ~In return for th
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A P P E N D I X I ~When they do hav
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A P P E N D I X I ~The two NITH int
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A P P E N D I X I ~for anyone to us
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A P P E N D I X I ~youth of the com
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Involv
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A P P E N D I X I ~Advice to Others
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A P P E N D I X I ~Neechi Foods Co-
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Impact
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A P P E N D I X I ~few years as a r
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A P P E N D I X I ~The worker co-op
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A P P E N D I X I ~Since the start
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A P P E N D I X I ~to urban Native
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A P P E N D I X I ~December because
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A P P E N D I X I ~Social Attitudes
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A P P E N D I X I ~years ago. The o
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A P P E N D I X I ~sources can be m
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A P P E N D I X I ~Wilp Sa Maa’y
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A P P E N D I X I ~opened an accoun
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A P P E N D I X I ~grow on the coas
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A P P E N D I X I ~We also need to
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A P P E N D I X I ~• We gave pres
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A P P E N D I X I ~its direction. (
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A P P E N D I XJAdditional Case Stu
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A P P E N D I X J : A D D I T I O N
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A P P E N D I X K : T H E C O N S U
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