Aboriginal Co-operatives in Canada - Centre for the Study of Co ...

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Aboriginal workers could receive elsewhere (outside the co-op). We should also take intoaccount that the northern (including NWT) Aboriginal labour force differs in qualitative termsfrom the non-Aboriginal labour force population. The demographic differences of the twopopulations are also different. Nevertheless, concerning the average salary, NWT Aboriginal coopsare still lagging behind other businesses the NWT. A more consistent analysis shouldcompare salaries in the same sectors as Aboriginal co-ops, namely the retail sector. Co-ops andother firms in the retail sector compete for the same qualitative labour force.6.4 Total Sales and Volume of BusinessThe trend in sales growthusually explains consumerFigure 6.4 Retail Sales - NWT Economy VsNWT Abor Co-ops (in $ million)confidence in the economyand therefore gives a good140700idea of the expectations120109115 117125600regarding the market demand100 91508 500473scheme. NWT Aboriginal80437 442400cooperatives seem to be in agood position, with retail sales40260300growing almost 38% for theperiod 1993 to 1997. Duringthe same period, retail sales in4020020010001993 1994 1995 1996 1997Canada and in the NWTYearsincreased 22% and 26%respectively. The differenceAbor Co-ops NWTcould be explained by the fact that Aboriginal populations dedicate each year a higher amount oftheir income to food and basic necessities generally sold in Aboriginal retail co-ops. If the percapita income of the Aboriginal population is not growing as fast as that of the non-Aboriginalpopulation (and we suspect this is the case because of the fast population growth amongAboriginal people and the difference between the income of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginalpeoples), then we would expect an increased proportion of disposable income used to purchasefood and basic necessities (major products sold by Aboriginal co-ops in the North).Abor Co-opsNWTThere is no doubt that NWT Aboriginal co-ops play a big role in the NWT economy: in 1997 theyheld almost 25% of market shares in the retail sector (Figure 6.4). It is worthwhile to notehowever that in some locations, NWT Aboriginal co-ops could hold up to 100% of market share(especially in small remote areas).109
Volume of business represents all types of revenues that accrue to co-ops. In 1997, the volume ofbusiness of NWT Aboriginal co-ops reached over $144 million, an increase of 34.8% over theperiod 1993 to 1997. This increase follows closely the growth in sales, which constitute themajor component of the volume of business.6.5 Profits before TaxesWe can detect three periods inprofits shown on Figure 6.5:Figure 6.5 Total Annual Profits Before Taxes - All Non-Financial Enterprises Vs NWT Abor Co-ops ($ million)in the first period there was a80,000sharp increase in profitsbetween 1993 and 1994 for70,0006.367,69060,0005.6both co-ops and other nonfinancial5.2firms in Canada.50,00055,606 54,931 5.1Profits before taxes doubled40,00047,566(100% and 95% increase for30,000 2.6co-ops and other firmsrespectively). During the20,000 24,41610,000second period (1994 to 1996),0co-ops recorded an annual1993 1994 1995 1996 1997average growth in profits of10.1%, compared to 7.9% forthe non-financial sector.Non-Fin SectorYearsNon-Fin Abor Co-opsProfits were increasing for the non-financial sector, but decreasing for co-ops in the last period(1997), the only year profits took opposite directions (+23% and –19% respectively). Part of thedecrease in co-ops’ profits could be explained by a lower number of co-ops in 1997 but this is notenough (the average profit was still lower in 1997). The decrease in profits is left unexplained,since even operating revenues of co-ops (i.e. sales and services) were higher in 1997 compared to1996.Non-Fin SectorFigure 6.6 Investment in Property and Equipment - NWTAboriginal Co-ops Vs NWT Private Sector (millions $)8.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.00.0Abor Co-ops6.6 Investment inProperty andEquipment4504003503003656.37654Investment is calculated as adifference in capital stocksPrivate Sector2502001501002142271562.5217215181181-0.13210Abor Co-opsbetween two periods (usuallyyears). Capital stock consists500-1.11990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997-1-2YearsPrivate InvestmentCo-op Investment110
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A REPORT ONAboriginalCo-operativesi
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Copyright © 2001 Centre for the St
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A B O R I G I N A L C O - O P E R A
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A B O R I G I N A L C O - O P E R A
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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F O R E W O R DThe Nature of This S
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~ F O R E W O R DCo-operatives are
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C H A P T E RO N EThe Current State
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EGove
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EFirs
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T ESelf
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EUnde
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EThir
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Eretu
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Ehave
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Epatt
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T EOngo
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~ T H E C U R R E N T S T A T Epote
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SThe ne
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SEmergi
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E Sl’Ou
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SConclu
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SAkochi
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SManage
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~ E M E R G I N G T H E M E SConclu
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~ T H E P O T E N T I A L F O R G R
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Page 60 and 61: ~ T H E P O T E N T I A L F O R G R
Page 62 and 63: APPENDIX APART 1Socio-Economic Prof
Page 64 and 65: 5. Relative performance of consumer
Page 66 and 67: Every year, the Co-operatives Secre
Page 68 and 69: 1. Formation of Aboriginal Co-ops a
Page 70 and 71: is even more striking when we look
Page 72 and 73: The dichotomous structure ofactivit
Page 74 and 75: 2.2 Sectoraldistribution ofAborigin
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Page 78 and 79: 77Table 2.3 ACTIVITIES OF A SAMPLE
Page 80 and 81: 3. Organization of Aboriginal co-op
Page 82 and 83: The selling of Inuit art by individ
Page 84 and 85: caisses populaires Desjardins. The
Page 86 and 87: Both the Federal and Provincial Gov
Page 88 and 89: 4.2 Sales GrowthIn this section, we
Page 90 and 91: products (basically food and hardwa
Page 92 and 93: in employment between 1993 and 1997
Page 94 and 95: health of co-ops in general. Unlike
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Page 98 and 99: 5. Relative Performance of Consumer
Page 100 and 101: 5.3 Consumer Products and Food Sale
Page 102 and 103: The “Aboriginal” member spends
Page 104 and 105: to other consumer co-ops.It was als
Page 106 and 107: Aboriginal) are more liquid than th
Page 108 and 109: 6.2 EmploymentFigure 6.2 shows the
Page 112 and 113: of two major components: property (
Page 114 and 115: In short, Inuit co-ops are an impor
Page 116 and 117: 115Table 6.3 Selected Statistics of
Page 118 and 119: some analysis that we felt was impo
Page 120 and 121: Aboriginal co-ops remain active in
Page 122 and 123: Indian Affairs and Northern Develop
Page 124 and 125: HIGHLIGHTS• Population, including
Page 126 and 127: PopulationFigure A.1 Population in
Page 128 and 129: Table A.1 Public School Enrollments
Page 130 and 131: Table A.4 Aboriginal Employment Rat
Page 132 and 133: were 13.7% and 20.7% respectively,
Page 134 and 135: Consumer Price Index (CPI)Figure A.
Page 136 and 137: D. Finance and InvestmentThis secti
Page 138 and 139: BibliographyCensus Dictionary, Fina
Page 140 and 141: FIGURE B1 A MAP OF CANADIAN ABORIGI
Page 142 and 143: ~ P E R S P E C T I V E S O F R E G
Page 158 and 159: 2.0 INCREASING SELF-RELIANCE2.1 LAN
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CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING CORPORA
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3.0 SUPPORTIVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
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2.0 INCREASING SELF-RELIANCE2.1 LAN
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INDIAN AND NORTHERN AFFAIRS CANADA1
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1.4 INNOVATION (FINANCIAL AND NON-F
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2.2 WORKFORCE TRAINING AND EXPERIEN
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3.2 CONNECTEDNESS INITIATIVESProgra
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2.0 INCREASING SELF-RELIANCE2.1 LAN
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2.3 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE REFORMProgram
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Part 3: Provincial/Territorial Init
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~ P R O V I N C I A L / T E R R I T
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A P P E N D I XCCo-operatives in Qu
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Bibliography[Quotes in the body of
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~ C O - O P E R A T I V E S A N D C
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~ S T A T E M E N T O N T H E C O -
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Y2. In-Person
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~ M E T H O D O L O G Yissues; area
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A P P E N D I XHCase Study Guidelin
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SA P P E N D
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthe main foc
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sthey sold, t
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sboth in Sask
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~ C A S E S T U D I E Sestimate the
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SThey are les
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A P P E N D I X I ~have been diffic
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A P P E N D I X I ~arts and crafts.
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A P P E N D I X I ~286 ~
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A P P E N D I X I ~288 ~
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~ C A S E S T U D I E SIkaluktutiak
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A P P E N D I X I ~In order to meet
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A P P E N D I X I ~and recently dra
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A P P E N D I X I ~The bakery was s
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill describes h
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A P P E N D I X I ~Reasons for Succ
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A P P E N D I X I ~Bill states, “
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A P P E N D I X I ~The future looks
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A P P E N D I X I ~communities in C
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A P P E N D I X I ~third parties wh
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A P P E N D I X I ~measure of confi
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~number of areas,
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A P P E N D I X I ~although the org
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A P P E N D I X I ~BibliographyPape
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A P P E N D I X I ~Apaqtukewaq Fish
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A P P E N D I X I ~ManagementIn the
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A P P E N D I X I ~Anishinabek Nati
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A P P E N D I X I ~termed Aborigina
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A P P E N D I X I ~Profitable Proje
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A P P E N D I X I ~ANCU will only b
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A P P E N D I X I ~3. Funding is se
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A P P E N D I X I ~knowledgeable ab
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A P P E N D I X I ~Native Inter-Tri
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A P P E N D I X I ~are both working
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A P P E N D I X I ~local school and
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A P P E N D I X I ~We found that th
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A P P E N D I X I ~In return for th
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A P P E N D I X I ~When they do hav
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A P P E N D I X I ~The two NITH int
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A P P E N D I X I ~for anyone to us
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A P P E N D I X I ~youth of the com
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Involv
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A P P E N D I X I ~Advice to Others
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A P P E N D I X I ~Neechi Foods Co-
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A P P E N D I X I ~Community Impact
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A P P E N D I X I ~few years as a r
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A P P E N D I X I ~The worker co-op
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A P P E N D I X I ~Since the start
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A P P E N D I X I ~to urban Native
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A P P E N D I X I ~December because
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A P P E N D I X I ~Social Attitudes
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A P P E N D I X I ~years ago. The o
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A P P E N D I X I ~sources can be m
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A P P E N D I X I ~Wilp Sa Maa’y
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A P P E N D I X I ~opened an accoun
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A P P E N D I X I ~grow on the coas
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A P P E N D I X I ~We also need to
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A P P E N D I X I ~• We gave pres
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A P P E N D I X I ~its direction. (
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A P P E N D I XJAdditional Case Stu
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A P P E N D I X J : A D D I T I O N
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A P P E N D I X K : T H E C O N S U
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