Relativism and Universalism in Linguistics - Fachbereich 10 ...

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128 Workshops (1) a. ? I wish I climbed Mount Everest. b. I wish I was/were a mountaineer. c. I wish I was/were climbing Mount Everest. d. I wish I had climbed Mount Everest. The sense of counterfactuality implied by wish is incompatible with an eventive (perfective) complement clause, as in (1a), whereas it can be felicitously combined with either a lexically stative complement, as in (1b), or a complement containing a progressive or perfect construction, as in (1c) and (1d). Assuming that lexical states as well as (the finite, stative part of) progressive and perfect constructions express imperfective aspect, these sentences show the preference for imperfective forms in this specific modal context. Boogaart (2006), who provides more illustrations of this connection for English and Dutch, argues that the modal use of imperfective forms in Germanic and Romance languages can be linked to the ‘anaphoric’ nature of these forms: Situations presented by imperfective forms always need to be linked to a reference time R, to be provided by the context. The situation is interpreted as holding at this reference time; thus, our representation for IMPERFECTIVE PAST is E,R < S. The reference time may be a point of perspective or an epistemic evaluation time, giving rise to ‘subjective’ and epistemic-modal readings. In our view, the semantics of PERFECTIVE PAST does not contain a reference point: E < S. As a consequence, the form does not make available a point in time to function as epistemic evaluation time – which is why perfective forms are generally incompatible with epistemic-modal readings. However, as is shown by Trnavac (2006), in Slavic languages one can find many counterexamples to the hypothesized connection between imperfective aspect and epistemic modality. In particular, PRESENT PERFECTIVE forms are used to express many kinds of epistemic-modal notions, such as in conditional constructions of the sort exemplified in Russian (2). (2) Pridësh’ uvidish come-PRES-PERF see-PRES-PERF ‘If you come, you will see’ In our paper, we will offer a comparative description of the modal uses of aspect in Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages. We will conclude that in none of these languages imperfective aspect is a necessary condition for the epistemic use of verb forms. More importantly, we will show the need for a more refined approach to the connection between aspect and modality, taking into account (i) different kinds of modality (e.g. counterfactual in (1) versus hypothetical in (2)), corresponding to different degrees of subjectivity (in the sense of Langacker 2003) and (ii) the interaction with temporal reference (e.g. ‘present’ in (1) versus ‘future’ in (2)). To conclude, we will discuss the theoretical implications of our description for the anaphoric analysis of imperfective aspect. References: Boogaart, Ronny (2006). “The past and perfect of epistemic modals”. To appear in: Louis de Saussure, Jacques Moeschler and Genoveva Puskas (eds.) Recent advances in the syntax and semantics of tense, mood and aspect. [Trends in Linguistics]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Brisard, Frank & Walter de Mulder (ms.). “Aspects of subjectivity and virtuality in the meaning of the French imparfait.”Submitted to Linguistics. Fleischman, Suzanne (1995). “Imperfective and irrealis”. In: J. Bybee & S. Fleischman (eds.) Modality in grammar and discourse, 519-551. [Typological studies in language 32]. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
Workshop 1 – Abr 129 Langacker, Ronald (2003). “Extreme subjectification: English tense and modals”. In: Hubert Cuyckens, Thomas Berg, René Dirven & Klaus Uwe-Panther (eds.) Motivation in language: Studies in honour of Günter Radden, 3-26. [Current issues in Linguistic Theory 243]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Trnavac, Radoslava (2006). Aspect and subjectivity in modal constructions. Dissertation University of Leiden. The Aspect-Modality link in Serbian Drobnjakovic, Ana KU Leuven ana.drobnjakovic@arts.kuleuven.be Serbian, like other Slavic languages, shows only one type of aspectual opposition resulting in two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective (Comrie 1993). Situated on the lexical level and therefore referred to as Aktionsart, this aspectual distinction implies that, with a few exceptions, each Serbian verb is either perfective or imperfective (Stanojčić & Popović 1997). Making use of the Corpus of the Serbian Language (henceforth CSL), the aim of this paper is to investigate whether Serbian confirms a cross-linguistically detected phenomenon according to which deontic shows affinity to the perfective and epistemic to the imperfective aspect (Abraham 1990, 2005; Leiss 2002). A preliminary examination shows that in Serbian deontic is, indeed, linked to perfective aspect and epistemic to imperfective aspect (1a- b): [Glosses: PRS=present, IMPF=imperfective, PFV=perfective, PST-past, IMPR=impersonal; E(pistemic), D(eontic)] DISTRIBUTIONAL AKTIONSART SENSITIVITY (cf. Abraham 2005: 248f.) D-readingE-reading (1) a Mora da radi + + must-prs that work-ipfv ‘He must work /He must be working’ b Ona mora da postane lekar + − she must-prs that become-pfv doctor ‘She must become a doctor’ However, the affinity between deontic and perfective, on one hand, and epistemic and imperfective, on the other, is detectable in Serbian only when the modal is in the 3 rd person singular, present tense, as is the case in (1). The reason for this is that Serbian has a way of encoding for deontic and epistemic meanings other than aspect: The impersonal form (3r person singular, present tense) of a Serbian modal has to be used, when an epistemic meaning is to be communicated (2): D- readingE-reading (2) a Moraju da rade + − must-3pl.prs that work-3pl.prs b Mora da rade − + impr that work-3pl.prs And yet, when epistemic modal is in the past tense, the impersonal form of a modal is no longer the element enabling the distinction between deontic and epistemic meaning, the finiteness of a main verb now beginning to play an important role (3a-b): MV EMBEDDING UNDER MV (cf. Abraham 2005: 246) D- reading E-reading (3) a Morali su da idu + − must- 3pl.pst that go-3pl.prs ‘They had to go’ Morali su ići + + must- 3pl.pst go-inf
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Societas Linguistica Europaea SLE 3
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Table of Contents SLE 2006 in Breme
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Organization Local Organizing Commi
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4 Programme Overview Thursday, Augu
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6 Programme Overview Saturday, Sept
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Wednesday, August 30, 2006 Section
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Section A: Language Contact 11 Afri
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Section A: Language Contact 13 (8)
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Section A: Language Contact 15 Stad
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Section A: Language Contact 17 (3)
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Section A: Language Contact 19 The
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22 Sections 15:30-16:00 Oguy, Oleks
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24 Sections The contribution of lin
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26 Sections Perception and percepti
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28 Sections Universelle vs. idioeth
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30 Sections Die semantischen Regula
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32 Sections substance (linguistic u
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34 Sections (In fact the very “ga
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36 Sections Relativism vs. Universa
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38 Sections 14:30-15:00 Wischer, Il
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40 Sections Cognitive etymology as
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42 Sections ostbaltischen Futurs be
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44 Sections functional heads in syn
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46 Sections On the diachrony of Ita
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Wednesday, August 30, 2006 Section
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Section D: Pronouns 51 References C
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Section D: Pronouns 53 System of Pr
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Section D: Pronouns 55 Siewierska,
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58 Sections We make use of a distin
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60 Sections An Analysis of the V2 S
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62 Sections organisations sémantiq
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64 Sections The Iconic Function of
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Friday, September 1, 2006 Section F
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Section F: Phonology 69 This paper
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Section F: Phonology 71 Despite the
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Section F: Phonology 73 References
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76 Sections Modal Particles in Dutc
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Page 84 and 85: 80 Sections Woolford, E. 2001. Case
Page 86 and 87: 82 Sections Negation and perfective
Page 88 and 89: 84 Sections Sekundäre Prädikate -
Page 90 and 91: 86 Sections Developments in English
Page 92 and 93: 88 Sections Scrambling in the AP an
Page 94 and 95: 90 Sections Schwartz, Bonnie et Rex
Page 96 and 97: 92 Sections various argumental and
Page 98 and 99: 94 Sections References Fanego, Tere
Page 100 and 101: 96 Sections Preverbs in Modern Geor
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Page 104 and 105: 100 Sections Rainer, Franz. 1993. S
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Page 108 and 109: 104 Sections Lüdtke, H. 1980. Auf
Page 110 and 111: 106 Sections Language-specific prof
Page 112 and 113: 108 Sections studies of color word
Page 114 and 115: 110 Sections We distinguish sense,
Page 116 and 117: 112 Sections Die Grammatik der deut
Page 118 and 119: 114 Sections Svorou, S. 1993. The G
Page 120 and 121: 116 Sections English and German for
Page 122 and 123: 118 Sections Versprecherkorpora meh
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Page 127: Workshops
Page 130 and 131: 126 Workshops 14:45-15:30 Boogaart,
Page 134 and 135: 130 Workshops From (3) we conclude,
Page 136 and 137: 132 Workshops Ich unterscheide drei
Page 138 and 139: 134 Workshops (genauer: perfektiv-m
Page 140 and 141: 136 Workshops complement in terms o
Page 142 and 143: 138 Workshops References Abraham, W
Page 144 and 145: 140 Workshops (3) mog uspet’, ‘
Page 146 and 147: 142 Workshops Eine Korrelation der
Page 148 and 149: 144 Workshops Aspect choice is rele
Page 151 and 152: Workshop 2 (Anc): Universalism and
Page 153 and 154: Workshop 2 - Anc 149 between initia
Page 155 and 156: Workshop 2 - Anc 151 Face-Threateni
Page 157 and 158: Workshop 2 - Anc 153 Adjusting to c
Page 159 and 160: Workshop 2 - Anc 155 This pattern i
Page 161 and 162: Workshop 3 (Cor): The encoding of e
Page 163 and 164: Workshop 3 - Cor 159 The distributi
Page 165 and 166: Workshop 3 - Cor 161 La notion de m
Page 167 and 168: Workshop 3 - Cor 163 experientialit
Page 169: Workshop 3 - Cor 165 so-called moda
Page 172 and 173: 168 Workshops Factors predicting ph
Page 174 and 175: 170 Workshops restructuring due to
Page 176 and 177: 172 Workshops References Jochen Reh
Page 178 and 179: 174 Workshops Lunch break 14:00-14:
Page 180 and 181: 176 Workshops The proper analysis o
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178 Workshops the discussion to two
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180 Workshops “‘Good design’
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182 Workshops identify a class of i
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184 Workshops PP temporel: 3. Prolo
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186 Workshops 2. Cadre 2.1. La scal
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188 Workshops (1) On sebja bol’š
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190 Workshops Polarity and the addi
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192 Workshops Überlegungen zur Ska
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194 Workshops We will deal with bot
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196 Workshops (Ir)regular valency a
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198 Workshops the number of segment
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200 Index Köpcke, Klaus-Michael...
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