Tony Bennett, Differing diversities - Council of Europe

Differing diversitiesbuilding on their economic role, and expanding that role to include other socialand community concerns. Using some examples of cultural planning strategies,the report considers the way in which more and more communities in the UnitedStates are seeing the arts as a means of fostering community pride and culturalidentity.McNulty’s report (1992) suggests that, in general, the arts and cultural policy needto be seen not as isolated events or institutions, but as essential to the way weunderstand communities. Furthermore, cultural planning needs to be integratedinto other aspects of planning – such as economics, transport, education, environment,urban renewal – in order to play a truly effective role in citizens’ lives. Thenow renamed Partners for Livable Communities continues in the development ofinitiatives which, essentially, seek to demonstrate the social impact of the arts bystimulating cultural-community partnerships at the neighbourhood level. In thiscontext, the use of cultural assets is clearly seen as a resource for both communityimprovements and economic revitalisation.Relevant European examples of policy frameworksIn the past decade, in Europe, as a result of an overall reduction in public expenditureon culture, cultural research and its implementation have often emphasisedthe economic importance of the arts and cultural activity. However, policy concernshave mostly focused on the development of cultural industries, the buildingof Europe-wide modern communication infrastructure and the development ofcultural tourism with a particular emphasis on employment effects and on the balanceof payments through the circulation of cultural goods between countries.As one of the countries to experiment extensively with culture-led revitalisationand cultural industries strategies in the 1980s, the United Kingdom has continuedto develop integrated policies designed to strengthen the framework for quality oflife for local communities. In particular, the present Labour government is committedto encouraging local authorities to develop cultural strategies aimed at agreater degree of integration of all cultural services. In June 1999, the Departmentfor Culture, Media and Sport published Local Cultural Strategies: Draft Guidancefor Local Authorities in England, in which all local authorities were called on todevelop a cultural strategy by the year 2002. Among the benefits of local culturalstrategies mentioned in the document is that “strategies should help policy makersto focus on the needs, demands, and aspirations of the community.” (Departmentfor Culture, Media and Sport, 1999: 13). The document also calls for a great dealof consultation with communities but, considering that it only marginally engagesin debate on the issues relating to what constitutes a local culture, and that there isno discussion of the different methodologies and theories that can inform culturalplans, it is difficult to see how inclusive local authorities can be in their strategies.This is not to deny that the document could constitute at least a basic platform onwhich to build more qualitative assessments of local resources on a cultural planningmodel. Good examples of such assessments are the numerous initiatives128