<strong>Differing</strong> <strong>diversities</strong>and that is precisely where more research is needed. This calls for not only arenewed interest in sociology – since it is through the work <strong>of</strong> sociologists such asUlrich Beck, Michel Maffesoli, Gilles Lipovetsky, or Manuel Castells that wehave been able in the recent past to unravel how the new social subjects are shapedin contemporary urban society – but also a need to think more pragmatically abouthow new, more “tolerant” urban spaces 1 can be created through policies. It is herethat, perhaps, cultural planning needs to be more closely scrutinised as a viablemodel <strong>of</strong> small-scale, locally rooted policy frameworks. The risk is that this kind<strong>of</strong> approach could, if not handled with a good degree <strong>of</strong> political tolerance for failure,end up by paradoxically promoting more closed social spaces, inward lookingand trapped in the logic <strong>of</strong> rediscovery <strong>of</strong> local distinctiveness as a weapon for survivingeconomic global competition.ReferencesAgamben, Giorgio, 1993, The Coming Community, Minneapolis: University <strong>of</strong>Minnesota Press.Beck, Ulrich, Anthony Giddens and Scott Lash, 1994, Reflexive Modernization,Cambridge: Polity Press.Bhabha, Homi K., 1997, The Location <strong>of</strong> Culture, London: Routledge.Bianchini, Franco and Lia Ghilardi Santacatterina, 1997, Culture andNeighbourhoods. A Comparative Report, Strasbourg: <strong>Council</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>Publishing.Bianchini, Franco and Michael Parkinson (eds.), 1993, Cultural Policy and UrbanRegeneration. The West <strong>Europe</strong>an Experience, Manchester: ManchesterUniversity Press.Castells, Manuel, 1989, The Informational City. Information Technology,Economic Restructuring and the Urban-Regional Process, Oxford: Blackwell.–––––, 1994, <strong>Europe</strong>an cities, the informational society and the global economy,New Left Review, No. 204, pp. 18-32.<strong>Council</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>, 1997, In from the Margins. A Contribution to the Debate onCulture and Development in <strong>Europe</strong>, Strasbourg: <strong>Council</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> Publishing.Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 1999, Local Cultural Strategies. DraftGuidance for Local Authorities in England, London: DCMS.Giddens, Anthony, 1991, Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the LateModern Age, Cambridge: Polity Press.Giordan, Henri, 1994, Multicultural and Multi-ethnic Societies,Discussion Paper Series No. 1, Paris: Unesco.__________1. See Sennett, 1994: 358.MOST132
Reasearch position paper 4Grogan, David and Colin Mercer, with David Engwicht, 1995, The CulturalPlanning Handbook. An Essential Australian Guide, St Leonards: Allen andUnwin.Hall, Stuart, 1989, The meaning <strong>of</strong> new times, in S. Hall and M. Jacques (eds.),New Times. The Changing Face <strong>of</strong> Politics in the 1990s, London: Lawrence andWishart.Hannerz, Ulf, 1992, Cultural Complexity. Studies in the Social Organization <strong>of</strong>Meaning, New York: Columbia University Press.Harvey, David, 1989, The Urban Experience, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Jacobs, Jane, 1965, The Death and Life <strong>of</strong> Great American Cities,Harmondsworth: Pelican.Lipovetsky, Gilles, 1992, Le crépuscule du devoir: l’éthique indolore des nouveauxtemps démocratiques, Paris: Gallimard.Maffesoli, Michel, 1996, The Time <strong>of</strong> the Tribes. The Decline <strong>of</strong> Individualism inMass Society, London: Sage Publications.Matarasso, François, 1997, Use or Ornament? The Social Impact <strong>of</strong> Participationin the Arts, Stroud, UK: Comedia.McNulty, Robert, 1991, Cultural planning: a movement for civic progress, in EIT,The Cultural Planning Conference, Victoria, Australia: EIT.–––––, 1992, Culture and communities: the Arts in the life <strong>of</strong> American cities, astudy for the National Endowment for the Arts Policy, Planning and ResearchDivision, Partners for Livable Places, Washington DC.Mercer, Colin, 1991a, What is cultural planning? paper presented to theCommunity Arts Network National Conference (Sydney, 10 October 1991).–––––, 1991b, Brisbane’s Cultural Development Strategy: the process, the politics,and the products, in EIT, The Cultural Planning Conference, Victoria,Australia: EIT.Partners for Livable Communities, 1995, Culture Builds Communities,Washington DC: Partners for Livable Communities.––––––, 1996, Institutions as Fulcrums for Change, Washington DC: Partners forLivable Communities.––––––, 2000, The Livable City. Revitalizing Urban Communities, WashingtonDC: Partners for Livable Communities.Rogers, Alisdair, n.d., Multicultural policies and modes <strong>of</strong> citizenship in <strong>Europe</strong>ancities: a view from Geography, unpublished paper, School <strong>of</strong> Geography, OxfordUniversity.Sassen, Saskia, 1991, The Global City. New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton:Princeton University Press.133
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PrefaceThe present text constitutes
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Part IDiffering diversities:transve
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The study: background, contextand m
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IntroductionTransversal perspective
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The challenge of diversityCulture,
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Diversity, citizenship, and cultura
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Differing diversitieslanguages. The
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