Tony Bennett, Differing diversities - Council of Europe

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Differing diversitiesensuring economic access; and, that gender perspectives must be integrated into thedevelopment of appropriate technology transfers and the information disseminationprocess if agriculture is to serve as an instrument of income and livelihood opportunity.The site is linked to videos of “experts” espousing the importance of traditional andtribal peoples and their knowledge in preserving biodiversity and to a set of “fieldvideos” that take web visitors to sacred groves whose genetic diversity is maintained bytribal peoples as places of worship, to an interview with a local farmer, and to local peoplesengaged in traditional methods of seed storage. From the site, web surfers may“visit” tribal communities in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and AndhraPradesh, where they will gain information on the social customs, agricultural practices,and knowledge of medicinal and other useful plants held by tribal peoples. Such information,however, is described in general rather than disclosed in specificity.More specific information is provided for Orissa, a centre of origin for traditionally cultivatedvarieties (landraces) of rice assumed to contain many valuable genes particularlyfor resistance/ tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and thus to holdpromise for utilisation in future plant-breeding programmes. The multimedia databasecontains details on the morphological and agronomical characters of the rice variety, thedonor farmers’ name and the community, and location and date of collection for landracesfrom five areas inhabited by tribal peoples who continue to grow these varieties.Visitors will find pictures of the individual who cultivated the variety, his or her tribalaffiliation, and the location of the gene bank in which the landrace has been deposited.More problematic, from the perspective of preserving cultural diversity, are the Orissasite’s detailed descriptions of the sacred groves located in tribal areas. Not only does thesite name and locate these, it describes the species found there, and the particular taboosthat local peoples observe. To what extent does such a practice operate as an invitationto those who would appropriate local knowledge about species which, by virtue, oflocal cultural prohibitions, are likely to have unique genetic properties? What protectionhas been afforded to these peoples against biopiracy? Is cultural diversity maintainedby practices that expose local belief systems to such international and indiscriminatescrutiny?42. As I have argued previously: “because the law [of patents] encourages secrecy and theprivatisation of knowledge until its potential commercial application becomes clear,Third World innovators cannot share knowledge with others who may desperately needit, nor can they seek to attract investors who may be able to transform it into a bettersource of revenue for local communities. A group like the Honeybee Network is thereforein a difficult position. Prior to the publication of knowledge in the newsletter, thenetwork must attempt to aid either the community or the individual in establishing alegal right. In most cases, however, the innovation will not have reached the point ofpatentability because the capacity for industrial application remains to be ascertained,and there is little investment capital available to explore the possibility. In the meantime,the knowledge may be valuable in alleviating poverty amongst other indigenousand local peoples and enriching their livelihoods. Third World networks and networksof indigenous peoples face an untenable choice between not publishing in order tomaintain the potential for future patent benefits, in which case they withhold usefulinformation from those in dire need of it, or publishing it with the knowledge that inassisting others, one risks forfeiting the fruit of one’s labours. Such a choice violateshuman rights norms that encourage the sharing of benefits, the flow of information, theright to share in progress in the arts and sciences, cross cultural exchange, and the rightto sustainable development and a healthy environment.” (Coombe, 1998: 113)43. See (30.07.00).194
Reasearch position paper 7ReferencesAgrawal, Arun, 1995, Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientificknowledge, Development and Change, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 413-439.Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1997, OurCulture, Our Future. Proposals for the Recognition and Protection of IndigenousCultural and Intellectual Property, Canberra: AIATSIS.–––––, 1998, Our Culture, Our Future. Report on Australian Indigenous Culturaland Intellectual Property Rights, Canberra: AIATSIS.Austria: Ministry for the Environment, Youth and Family, 1997, First AustrianNational Report on the Convention on Biological Diversity, Vienna: FederalMinistry for the Environment, Youth and Family [cited 30.07.00]. Available fromWorld Wide Web: .Blanchet-Cohen, Natasha, 1996, Strategies for a Living Earth. Examples fromCanadian Aboriginal Communities, Ottawa: Biodiversity Convention Office,Environment Canada [cited 30.07.00]. Available from World Wide Web:.Bodeker, Gerald, 2000, Indigenous medical knowledge: the law and politics ofprotection, Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (Oxford), WP03/00[cited 30.07.00]. Available from World Wide Web: .Brockman, Aggie, 1997, “When All Peoples Have the Same Story, Humans willCease to Exist” – Protecting and Conserving Traditional Knowledge, report forthe Biodiversity Convention Office, Environment Canada, September [cited30.07.00]. Available from World Wide Web: .Brush, Stephen B. (ed.), 2000, Genes in the Field. On-Farm Conservation of CropDiversity, Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers.Bulgaria: Ministry of the Environment and Waters, 1998, National Report forBiological Diversity Conservation in Bulgaria, Sofia: Ministry of theEnvironment and Waters [cited 30.07.00]. Available from World Wide Web:.Cisler, Steve, 1998, The Internet and indigenous groups: an introduction, CulturalSurvival Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 [cited 30.07.00]. Available from World WideWeb: .Coombe, Rosemary, 1998, Intellectual property, human rights and sovereignty:new dilemmas in international law posed by the recognition of indigenous knowledgeand the conservation of biodiversity, Indiana Journal of Global LegalStudies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-115.195
Page 5 and 6:
PrefaceThe present text constitutes
Page 7:
Part IDiffering diversities:transve
Page 11 and 12:
The study: background, contextand m
Page 13 and 14:
Transversal study on the theme of c
Page 15:
Page 18:
Differing diversitiesi. new forms o
Page 23 and 24:
IntroductionTransversal perspective
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
The challenge of diversityCulture,
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Diversity, citizenship, and cultura
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37:
Page 40 and 41:
Differing diversitieslanguages. The
Page 42 and 43:
Differing diversitiesprogrammes int
Page 45 and 46:
Culture, government and diversity:p
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53:
Page 56 and 57:
Differing diversitiesin the pursuit
Page 58 and 59:
Differing diversitiesthe need for m
Page 60 and 61:
Differing diversitiescircumstances
Page 62 and 63:
Differing diversitiesclasses artist
Page 64 and 65:
Differing diversitiesMy point, then
Page 66 and 67:
Differing diversitiesiii. that the
Page 69:
Page 73 and 74:
The consequences of European media
Page 75 and 76:
Reasearch position paper 1and contr
Page 77 and 78:
Reasearch position paper 1directly
Page 79 and 80:
Reasearch position paper 1There hav
Page 81 and 82:
Reasearch position paper 1presence
Page 83 and 84:
Reasearch position paper 1Strategic
Page 85 and 86:
Reasearch position paper 1New media
Page 87 and 88:
Reasearch position paper 1Blumler,
Page 89 and 90:
Reasearch position paper 1Hoffmann-
Page 91 and 92:
Reasearch position paper 1Pauwels,
Page 93 and 94:
Assessing the implementationof cult
Page 95 and 96:
Reasearch position paper 2tics abou
Page 97 and 98:
Reasearch position paper 2Act (GPRA
Page 99 and 100:
Reasearch position paper 2factually
Page 101 and 102:
Reasearch position paper 2The evalu
Page 103 and 104:
Reasearch position paper 2capacity
Page 105 and 106:
Reasearch position paper 2Luchtenbe
Page 107 and 108:
The cultural policies of the Europe
Page 109 and 110:
Reasearch position paper 3went, wou
Page 111 and 112:
Reasearch position paper 3The histo
Page 113 and 114:
Reasearch position paper 3integrati
Page 115 and 116:
Reasearch position paper 3of differ
Page 117 and 118:
Reasearch position paper 3European
Page 119 and 120:
Reasearch position paper 3voice to
Page 121:
Reasearch position paper 3Howe, Mar
Page 124 and 125:
Differing diversitiesContemporary d
Page 126 and 127:
Differing diversitiesWhereas in the
Page 128 and 129:
Differing diversitiesbuilding on th
Page 130 and 131:
Differing diversitieswhen tackling
Page 132 and 133:
Differing diversitiesand that is pr
Page 134 and 135:
Differing diversitiesSennett, Richa
Page 136 and 137:
Differing diversitiesallowing their
Page 138 and 139:
Differing diversitiesNevertheless,
Page 140 and 141:
Differing diversitiesgrowth also ex
Page 142 and 143:
Differing diversitiesAt a deeper le
Page 144 and 145: Differing diversitiesconventional c
Page 146 and 147: Differing diversitiesworks, and the
Page 148 and 149: Differing diversitiesNational sover
Page 150 and 151: Differing diversitiesSimilarly, at
Page 152 and 153: Differing diversitiesCoombe, Rosema
Page 154 and 155: Differing diversitiesWoodmansee, Ma
Page 156 and 157: Differing diversitiesIndeed, which
Page 158 and 159: Differing diversitiesThe second maj
Page 160 and 161: Differing diversitiesexample by Hol
Page 162 and 163: Differing diversitiesincreased broa
Page 164 and 165: Differing diversities“Black Carib
Page 166 and 167: Differing diversitiesBunt, Gary, 19
Page 169 and 170: Preserving cultural diversity throu
Page 171 and 172: Reasearch position paper 7unique, t
Page 173 and 174: Reasearch position paper 7legislati
Page 175 and 176: Reasearch position paper 7appropria
Page 177 and 178: Reasearch position paper 7Indeed, m
Page 179 and 180: Reasearch position paper 7- means t
Page 181 and 182: Reasearch position paper 7cyberspac
Page 183 and 184: Reasearch position paper 7extended
Page 185 and 186: Reasearch position paper 7It is rec
Page 187 and 188: Reasearch position paper 7lose loca
Page 189 and 190: Reasearch position paper 7six proje
Page 191 and 192: Reasearch position paper 7and innov
Page 193: Reasearch position paper 7Programme
Page 197 and 198: Reasearch position paper 7Papers on
Page 199: Reasearch position paper 7Swaminath
Page 202: Sales agents for publications of th
show all

Tony Bennett, Differing diversities - Council of Europe

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?