A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
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95 Karæa<br />
National Research pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong><br />
Sanskrit, editor <strong>of</strong> many Sanskrit works<br />
and author <strong>of</strong> the multi-volume History<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dharmaÿästra (1930–75).<br />
Kangri<br />
Place <strong>of</strong> pilgrimage near Hø•ikeÿa in the<br />
Himälayas; site <strong>of</strong> an ÄRYA SAMÄJ<br />
GURUKULA, now Kangri Forest<br />
University, a residential traditional<br />
Hindu school with Sanskrit as medium<br />
<strong>of</strong> instruction.<br />
Käæphata (‘hole in the ear’)<br />
A sect <strong>of</strong> Ÿaiva ascetics whose ears are<br />
pierced with a two-edged knife as part<br />
<strong>of</strong> the initiation ceremonies.<br />
Kanyäkumärï (‘virgin lady’)<br />
Epithet <strong>of</strong> the Goddess (DEVÏ) and name<br />
<strong>of</strong> the southernmost point <strong>of</strong> India, a<br />
place <strong>of</strong> pilgrimage with a large<br />
Goddess temple.<br />
Kapälika (‘skull-carrier’)<br />
A sect <strong>of</strong> Ÿaivites who wear garlands <strong>of</strong><br />
skulls, from which they also eat and<br />
drink.<br />
Kapila (sixth century BCE)<br />
A famous sage, founder <strong>of</strong> the SÄßKHYA<br />
system.<br />
karma (‘action’) (1)<br />
In the Veda and Pürva MÏMÄßSÄ, a ritual<br />
act, SACRIFICE.<br />
karma (2)<br />
In the Upani•ads and in Vedänta, nonmaterial<br />
residue <strong>of</strong> any action performed<br />
by a person, the cause <strong>of</strong><br />
embodiment and <strong>of</strong> SAßSÄRA. Virtually<br />
all Hindu schools have developed their<br />
own karma theories. Some elements are<br />
fairly commonly agreed upon, such as<br />
the derivation <strong>of</strong> the word karma from<br />
the root kø- to act, and the incompatibility<br />
<strong>of</strong> karma and LIBERATION (mukti,<br />
mok•a). The notion first occurs in the<br />
Upani•ads where karma is seen as<br />
responsible for enmeshing a living being<br />
in the cycle <strong>of</strong> birth and rebirth.<br />
Attainment <strong>of</strong> VIDYÄ, or jñäna (knowledge)<br />
is considered the only means to<br />
gain liberation from saƒsära. In addition<br />
to the karma one accumulates from<br />
one’s own actions in the present life,<br />
there is prärabdha karma with which a<br />
person is born and which has to run its<br />
course. The Bhagavadgïtä teaches that<br />
actions performed without selfish desire<br />
do not yield karma. In the Puräæas the<br />
intervention <strong>of</strong> God absolves devotees<br />
from having to suffer from their karma<br />
and God’s grace nullifies karma. On a<br />
popular level many Hindus are inclined<br />
to attribute everything that happens to<br />
them, fortune as well as misfortune, to<br />
their karma.<br />
karma-märga (‘path <strong>of</strong> works’)<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the three traditional ways to find<br />
spiritual fulfilment. Karma in that context<br />
means (prescribed) Vedic ritual<br />
actions, such as sacrificing an animal or<br />
some other object in fire, undergoing<br />
the saƒskäras (rites <strong>of</strong> passage), maintaining<br />
the routine <strong>of</strong> prescribed daily,<br />
monthly and yearly rituals and performing<br />
the ceremonies required in connection<br />
with certain events in one’s life. In<br />
later times a more metaphorical interpretation<br />
was adopted. Ritual usually<br />
meant ceremonies performed to honour<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> God in an IMAGE and the<br />
‘path <strong>of</strong> works’ was understood to<br />
mean selfless and dedicated performance<br />
to one’s (CASTE) duties.<br />
Karæa<br />
Son <strong>of</strong> KUNTÏ by the Sun, before her<br />
marriage to PÄŒ¥U. Born equipped with<br />
arms and armour, he was exposed by<br />
his mother on the banks <strong>of</strong> the Yamunä