A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie

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3 Introduction India – Past and Physical ANGA Ellora Ancient kingdom Ancient site Temple site Karakoram u d I n s Mohenjo Daro Kedarnāth Badrīnāth ˙ Hṙṡikeśa Hari-dvār Khanakala Govardhana Hastinā-pura Puṡkār Mathurā Vṙndāvana Ayodhyā Mithilā Vārānaṡī VIDEHA Kāmākhyā Pataliputra (Pīṫha) (Pītha) Morvi Ahmedabad Khajurāho MAGADHA ˙ Dvāraka Ujjainī Gayā Porbandhar ANGA Somanātha Someśvara Nadia Nasik (Navadvip) Ajantā Aurangabad Ellora Mouths of the D e c c a n Bhuvaṅeśvara Pune Konārka Pandharpur Purī Arabian Sea Gulf of Khambhat S ara s v a t ī V i n d h y a s Krishna R a n g e Narbada Yamuna Godavari n H i m G Son G h a t s ā Ghagara a n Gandak g ā Mahanadi l Mt Everest a y a s Ganges Brahmaputra Guvāhati Naga Hills W e s t e r r n G h a Kālaḋi Sṙṅgerī Udipī Halebid Kalahasti Belur Tirupati Kāñcī-pura Mahābalipura Ootacamund Tiruvannamalai Cidambaram Tanjore Madurai t s Kauverī E a s t e Bay of Bengal C. Comorin Gulf of Mannar I N D I A N O C E A N 0 km 400
A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism 4 millions of people who visit these places, not as tourists but as pilgrims. Many Hindu expatriates attempt to get back to India to die and to have the holy rites performed there. If that is not possible they have their ashes brought back and dispersed into the sea or a river in India. An age-old conviction animates Hindus to consider India as unique among all countries as the only one where religious rites bring fruit and where liberation from saƒsära can be gained. The History of Hinduism 2 India is the birthplace of many religions besides Hinduism, and has become in the course of its long history the home of many others from abroad. Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, to mention only the best known, arose in India. Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Muslims and many others have found homes in India during the last two thousand years as well. Assuming, with recent Indian researchers, that Vedic civilization was not imported into India through nomadic invaders from outside from places such as Ukraina or Central Asia, but developed within north-western India in the country identified in the Øgveda as Saptasindhava around 4000 BCE, the so-called Indus civilization, whose best-known sites are Mohenjo Daro and Harappa (extending over an area of more than a million square kilometres) must be seen as part of late Vedic civilization flourishing between 2700 and 1750 BCE. If these assumptions are correct, Vedic civilization was one of the earliest High Civilizations of the world, with large urban centres, advanced technical skills and extensive trade connections with the rest of the ancient world. When in the course of a drought lasting more than two hundred years a large belt of land stretching from Asia Minor to northern India became largely uninhabitable, the big cities in the Indus valley were abandoned and the majority of the population moved eastwards, into the dense forests of the Yamunä–Gaögä doab. The river Sarasvatï, worshipped in the Øgveda as the mightiest stream, had dried out by 1900 BCE and the focus of both civilization and worship moved to the Gaögä, with Väräæasï becoming the most important centre. For a long time the Veda, believed to have been composed around 1500 BCE, was the only evidence used in the reconstruction of Vedic civilization and religion. Now, increasingly, archaeological and other scientific evidence is being utilized to complement the picture derived from literary sources alone. Not only has the date of the composition of the Vedic hymns been pushed back to about 3000 or 4000 BCE, the
Page 2 and 3: A CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA of HINDUISM
Page 4 and 5: A CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA of HINDUISM
Page 6 and 7: Contents Acknowledgementsvi Preface
Page 8 and 9: Preface To write a concise encyclop
Page 10: ix Preface Concise Encyclopedia of
Page 13: A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Page 17 and 18: A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Page 27 and 28: adhidaivata 16 dharma he will appea
Page 29 and 30: Agnihotra 18 number of bricks (10,8
Page 31 and 32: Akhil Bhäratïya Vidyärthi Pari
Page 33 and 34: Änanda Tïrtha 22 Änanda Tïrtha
Page 35 and 36: Äpastamba 24 Äpastamba Ancient wr
Page 37 and 38: arghya 26 One story explains its or
Page 39 and 40: ashes 28 expected to become more an
Page 41 and 42: a•flävaraæa 30 a•flävaraæa
Page 43 and 44: Aughara 32 Aughara A branch of the
Page 45 and 46: B Bädämi Ancient temple site in t
Page 47 and 48: Bhägavata Puräæa 36 the Mahäbh
Page 49 and 50: Bhärgavas 38 Jänatä Party in 198
Page 51 and 52: ïja-mantra 40 may be preferable to
Page 53 and 54: Brahma Puräæa 42 Vi•æu and rec
Page 55 and 56: eath control 44 followers of CAITAN
Page 57 and 58: C caitanya See CONSCIOUSNESS. Caita
Page 59 and 60: caæõäla 48 famous for its realis
Page 61 and 62: Cidambaram 50 The Churning of the O
Page 63 and 64: cow 52 the physical universe. (See
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Dak•iæeÿvara 54 Dak•iæeÿvar
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Daÿa-padärtha Ÿästra 56 Pärvat
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Devï Bhägavata Puräæa 58 Devï
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Divodäsa 60 Dïpävali (Divälï)
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Durväsas 62 Durväsas (‘ill-dres
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E Edgerton, Franklin (1885-1963) Or
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equality of women 66 result of deba
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F faith (viÿväsa, ÿraddhä) In a
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Frauwallner, Erich 70 Frauwallner,
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Gaæeÿa 72 Returning to India in 1
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ghï 74 ghï Clarified butter, an i
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Gokula 76 founded the Servants of I
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grammar 78 grammar See VYÄKÄRAŒA
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happiness 80 one of the four places
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Hindu Mahäsabhä 82 Hindu Mahäsab
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I icchä (‘desire’, ‘wish’)
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International Transcendental Medita
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jägarita sthäna 88 by two smaller
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jätï 90 jätï (‘birth-group’
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K Kabïr (1440-1518) Famous poet-sa
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Kalpa-sütra 94 Kalpa-sütra One of
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Karpatriji Maharaj 96 and found by
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Kauverï 98 Kauverï Major river in
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krodha 100 krodha (‘anger’) One
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Kuruk•etra 102 Kuruk•etra (‘t
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Lava 104 Lava The younger of the tw
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M Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1854-1
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Magadha 108 BCE). Until about the f
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Mähär 110 supposed to be circumsc
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Mänasa 112 Mänasa, also Mänasasa
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Manu 114 transmission of a mantra f
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Mätøkas 116 in today’s Kerala.
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Meykaæõa(deva) 118 Meykaæõa(dev
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moon 120 moon The hundreds of synon
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music 122 worshipped with flowers,
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näga 124 näga (2) Naked ascetics,
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Nära-Närada 126 time it takes to
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Nimbärka 128 Nimbärka, also Nimä
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O Oldenberg, Hermann (1854-1920) On
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P padapaflha The text of the Veda i
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panth(a) 134 accomplishments of the
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Pätañjala Yoga 136 Pätañjala Yo
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patita 138 independently, without s
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pradak•iæa 140 pradak•iæa See
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prati-•flhäpana 142 prati-•flh
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Purï 144 Purï See JAGAN-NÄTHA PU
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R Rädhä, also Rädhikä The favou
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Räma Tïrtha, Swämi 148 AVATÄRA
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Räm(a)däs(a) 150 death and Räma
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enouncer/renunciation 152 and autho
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Ø•abha 154 best known accomplish
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S Ÿäbara (first century BCE) (‘
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Sadä-ÿiva 158 Sadä-ÿiva The for
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Ÿäkafläyana 160 Ÿäkafläyana A
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Sadhyäbhä•a 162 Sadhyäbhä•a
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Saögam 164 Saögam (2), also Canka
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Sarasvatï 166 ÿarïra See BODY.
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sat-putra-märga 168 sat-putra-mär
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Sen, Keshub Chandra 170 According t
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Sïtä 172 between upapätaka (‘l
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smaraæa 174 smaraæa (‘rememberi
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Ÿrïraögam 176 Ÿrïraögam Situa
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•ukla-pak•a 178 ÿukla-pak•a
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svayam-vyakta 180 which are conside
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Tantra 182 Tantra (2) A form of Hin
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ut these differences are not relate
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tïrtha 186 sequence can no longer
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tri-mürti 188 tri-mürti (‘three
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tyäga 190 tyäga (‘renunciation
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Umäpati 192 Umäpati (‘lord of U
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V vac (‘speech’, ‘word’) In
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Vaiÿya 196 saƒpradäya, founded b
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Värkarïs 198 was constructed in 1
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Vedäægas 200 Vedäægas (‘limbs
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Veökafleÿvara 202 Veökafleÿvara
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vïrya 204 contentment, ritual acti
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Viÿva-näflha 206 Viÿva-näflha (
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W war (vigraha) Hindu history, from
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word 210 books on Tantric Hinduism,
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yama 212 who have died. In the epic
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Yogaväsi•flha Rämäyaæa 214 4,
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Chronology The chronology of Ancien
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A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Appendices Appendix One: The Philos
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Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Thematic Index Mythology Ancestors,
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Page 251 and 252:
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A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie

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