A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
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209 Woodr<strong>of</strong>f, John<br />
Bhagavadgïtä (1785) inspired many<br />
Europeans. He became co-founder <strong>of</strong><br />
the Asiatick Society <strong>of</strong> Bengal (1784).<br />
He also translated the Hitopadeÿa and<br />
Kälidäsa’s Ÿakuntalä, which prompted<br />
Goethe’s admiration for Indian drama.<br />
Wilson, Horace Hayman<br />
(1786–1860)<br />
Sanskrit scholar. He was the first Boden<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Sanskrit at Oxford<br />
University, the translator <strong>of</strong> Kälidäsa’s<br />
Meghadüta, the Vi•æu Puräæa, and<br />
author <strong>of</strong> Lectures on the Religion and<br />
Philosophy <strong>of</strong> the Hindus and Sanskrit<br />
Grammar.<br />
Winternitz, Moriz (1863–1937)<br />
A diverse and creative Indologist, who<br />
promoted the study <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hinduism</strong> in<br />
many fields. While studying Indology at<br />
Vienna, he wrote a thesis on the Hindu<br />
marriage ritual, comparing it with other<br />
traditions. He published a critical edition<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Äpastambïya Gøhyasütra<br />
(1887) and worked as an assistant to<br />
Max MÜLLER in Oxford. As pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
<strong>of</strong> Indology in Prague from 1899 on, he<br />
prepared the general index to the 49<br />
volumes <strong>of</strong> the Sacred Books <strong>of</strong> the East<br />
series and became instrumental in initiating<br />
the critical edition <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Mahäbhärata. His three-volume<br />
History <strong>of</strong> Indian Literature (1905–22)<br />
has remained a standard reference<br />
work.<br />
wisdom<br />
See VIDYÄ.<br />
women<br />
In Vedic times women were the equals<br />
<strong>of</strong> men in almost every respect: they<br />
shared rituals and sacrifices, learning<br />
and honours. Some sacrifices, such as<br />
the harvest sacrifice (sïtä) and the sacrifice<br />
to secure good husbands for their<br />
daughters (rudrayäga), could only be<br />
performed by women. Women chanted<br />
the SÄMANS and composed many <strong>of</strong> the<br />
hymns <strong>of</strong> the Øgveda. There was a provision<br />
for change in gender (uha) in<br />
many ritual formulae to alternately<br />
have a woman or a man perform the ritual.<br />
Women were also teachers <strong>of</strong> Vedic<br />
lore, and girls were given the same education<br />
as boys.<br />
By the time <strong>of</strong> MANU (2) the role <strong>of</strong><br />
women in society was drastically curtailed,<br />
and women were considered<br />
unfit for Veda study. Women were<br />
treated like ŸÜDRAS: they could not eat<br />
or walk with their husbands, or converse<br />
with them on anything <strong>of</strong> consequence.<br />
The epics and Puräæas, while<br />
extolling some women such as Sïtä and<br />
Draupadï, generally exhibit a negative<br />
attitude towards women: they describe<br />
them as vicious, sensual, fickle, untrustworthy<br />
and impure. Women’s only<br />
sacrament was marriage and only<br />
through service to their husbands,<br />
regardless <strong>of</strong> their behaviour, could they<br />
hope to find salvation. A faithful<br />
woman (satï) was supposed to accompany<br />
her husband (if she was childness)<br />
on the funeral pyre. Childless widows<br />
could expect a grim fate: they could not<br />
remarry, and were almost without any<br />
rights.<br />
After centuries <strong>of</strong> subordination and<br />
repression Hindu women found advocates<br />
in the reformers <strong>of</strong> the 19th and<br />
20th centuries: they agitated for the<br />
abolition <strong>of</strong> satï, fought for the right <strong>of</strong><br />
women to get an education, to remarry,<br />
to earn an income. The Hindu Marriage<br />
Act <strong>of</strong> 1955 (with later amendments)<br />
gives women the right to divorce their<br />
husbands and to remarry, to own property<br />
independently, and establishes legal<br />
parity <strong>of</strong> women with men. (See also<br />
EQUALITY OF WOMEN.)<br />
Woodr<strong>of</strong>f, John (1865–1936)<br />
Writing under the pen name Arthur<br />
Avalon, he translated and wrote many