A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
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Vedäægas 200<br />
Vedäægas<br />
(‘limbs <strong>of</strong> the Veda’)<br />
Six auxiliary sciences to be studied in<br />
order to understand and use the Veda<br />
correctly: ÿik•ä (phonetics and pronunciation);<br />
chandas (verse metres),<br />
vyäkäraæa (grammar), nirukta (etymology,<br />
explanation <strong>of</strong> obsolete words),<br />
jyoti•a (astronomy), kalpa or ÿrauta<br />
(ritual).<br />
Vedänta (‘end <strong>of</strong> Veda’)<br />
This can mean both the Upani•ads and<br />
systems <strong>of</strong> Upani•adic philosophy and<br />
theology. The Upani•ads were the last<br />
portion <strong>of</strong> the Veda (in the wider<br />
sense) and, according to Vedäntins,<br />
constitute the core purpose <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Veda, because they teach final emancipation<br />
from the cycle <strong>of</strong> birth and<br />
death. An attempt was made to systematize<br />
their teaching in the BRAHMA-<br />
SÜTRAS (also called the Vedäntasütras).<br />
The lengthy commentaries upon these<br />
composed by various authors from different<br />
backgrounds gave rise to many<br />
schools <strong>of</strong> Vedänta. Vedänta in one<br />
form or other has been the major<br />
Hindu philosophy <strong>of</strong> religion for the<br />
past 1,200 years and has many contemporary<br />
academic and religious<br />
exponents. (See appendix 3, The Ten<br />
Principal Schools <strong>of</strong> Vedänta.)<br />
Vedänta Deÿika (1269–1370)<br />
The most prolific exponent <strong>of</strong> ŸRÏ-<br />
VAIÆŒAVISM after RÄMÄNUJA, and<br />
believed to be the AVATÄRA <strong>of</strong> the bell <strong>of</strong><br />
the temple at TIRUPATI. He wrote works<br />
in Sanskrit and Tamil as well as in<br />
Manipraväla, a mixture <strong>of</strong> the two.<br />
Many <strong>of</strong> his writings are subcommentaries<br />
on Rämänuja’s commentaries and<br />
are widely used by students <strong>of</strong><br />
VIŸIÆfiÄDVAITA. He became the main<br />
authority for the northern school<br />
(VA¥AGALAI) <strong>of</strong> Ÿrïvai•æavism. His<br />
works include Rahasyatrayasära, Nyäsa<br />
Viƒÿati and Saökalpa Suryodaya.<br />
Vedänta-karikävalï<br />
A short manual <strong>of</strong> VIŸIÆfiÄDVAITA<br />
Vedänta by the 18th-century scholar<br />
Bucci Venkafläcärya.<br />
Vedänta-paribhä•a<br />
A short manual <strong>of</strong> ADVAITA Vedänta<br />
written by the 17th-century scholar<br />
Dharmaräja Adhvarin.<br />
Vedänta-sära<br />
A short ADVAITA VEDÄNTA manual written<br />
by Sadänanda, a celebrated Advaitin<br />
who lived in the first half <strong>of</strong> the 15th<br />
century. He is the author <strong>of</strong> Vedäntasära,<br />
a concise compendium <strong>of</strong> Advaita,<br />
much in use even today.<br />
Vedänta-sütra<br />
See BRAHMA-SÜTRA.<br />
Vedärtha-saögraha<br />
(‘the gist <strong>of</strong> the meaning <strong>of</strong> the Veda’)<br />
A small work by RÄMÄNUJA, in which<br />
he critiques Advaita understandings <strong>of</strong><br />
the Upani•ads and advances his own<br />
from the standpoint <strong>of</strong> VIŸIÆfiÄDVAITA.<br />
vedi<br />
A Vedic sacrificial altar. The Ÿulvasütras<br />
contain exact rules for the construction<br />
<strong>of</strong> altars for specific purposes.<br />
The most elaborate was the altar in the<br />
form <strong>of</strong> a falcon used for the solemn<br />
AGNICAYANA. It consisted <strong>of</strong> 10,800<br />
bricks (the number <strong>of</strong> hours in a Vedic<br />
year) in five layers (the five seasons) representing<br />
the year, and with it the universe.<br />
Contemporary scholars believe<br />
they have found correlations between<br />
the dimensions <strong>of</strong> the altars and the distances<br />
<strong>of</strong> sun, moon and planets as well<br />
as their orbits.<br />
Vedic civilization<br />
A major dispute has developed about