A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie

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7 Introduction India Today Capital cities Towns International boundaries State boundaries AFGHANISTAN A K P Arabian Sea Islamabad Ahmadabad Jamnagar I S T A G U J A AZADKASHMIR N RAJASTHAN Allahabad Ganges BIHAR Bhopal Jabalpur WEST Indore BENGAL Calcutta Nagpur Raipur I N D I A ORISSA Cuttack KARNATAKA Srinagar KASHMIR HIMACHAL Amritsar PRADESH PUNJAB Chandigarh Udaipur R A T Aurangabad Mumbai (Bombay) GOA UTTAR HARYANA Hardwar New Delhi Rampur M A Mangalore Jaipur Pune Calicut H A R A S H Gulbarga Cochin K E R A L A Lucknow Agra Kanpur Ayodhyā PRADESH Patna MADHYA T R A Ganges ANDHRA PRADESH Bangalore PRADESH N Hyderabad Nellore E P A L Machilipatnam Cennai (Madras) Mysore Pondicherry TAMIL Cuddalore Coimbatore Madurai NADU C H I N A Vishakhapatnam Kakinada B A N G L A B H BANGLADESH D E S SIKKIM A H N BHUTAN G L A Gauhati D E S TRIPURA Bay of Bengal MEGHALAYA Dhaka MIZORAM ARUNACHAL PRADESH ASSAM NAGALAND MANIPUR Trivandrum SRI LANKA Colombo INDIAN OCEAN 0 km 400
A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism 8 believer in socialism, insisted on India becoming a ‘secular democracy’, under his successor, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–6), organized Hinduism gained considerably in strength. Thus in 1964 the Vishva Hindü Pari•ad was founded as a worldwide alliance of Hindus with the aim of consolidating Hindu influence in all spheres of life. Increasing disillusionment with Congress governments added strength to those political parties that appealed to Hindu nationalist sentiments. When Indira Gandhi was ordered to end the ‘National Emergency’, with its largescale repression of civil liberties, a coalition of parties with a strong core of Hindu nationalists took over the central government in 1977. It did not last long but gave prominence to some Hindu leaders. By the early eighties the Sikhs began seriously agitating for an independent state. When operation ‘Blue Star’ ended with shoot-outs at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Sikhs turned their hostility not only towards the Indian government but also towards Hindus in general. The assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards was followed by largescale Hindu–Sikh massacres, especially in Delhi. The early nineties were characterized by increasingly more vociferous demonstrations of Hindu political aspirations. In several large Indian states Hindu parties won elections and formed governments. The country-wide Hindu agitation to ‘liberate’ Räma’s birthplace in Ayodhyä from Muslim domination culminated in the destruction of the Babri Masjid (the mosque built in the 16th century at the place where a Räma temple had stood) by bands of Hindu activists. The event was televized throughout the world. There followed all over India the worst Hindu–Muslim rioting the country had seen since partition, resulting in the death of thousands and the destruction of whole neighbourhoods. In early 1998 the Bhäratïya Jänata Party, the main advocate for Hindütva, won an electoral victory against the splintered Congress Party and together with some other parties was entrusted with forming the central government. The Hindu thrust is quite clearly visible; the atomic bomb that was detonated in Spring 1998 by India was labelled both by Hindus and their antagonists the ‘Hindu bomb’. While for most of its history Hinduism was confined to the geographical area of India – the Hindus who crossed the ‘black seas’ lost caste and had to undergo purification rites if they returned to India – there is by now a sizeable Hindu diaspora outside India. Hindus are found not only in neighbouring countries such as Nepal (the only country in which Hinduism has been declared the state religion), Bangladesh
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Page 6 and 7: Contents Acknowledgementsvi Preface
Page 8 and 9: Preface To write a concise encyclop
Page 10: ix Preface Concise Encyclopedia of
Page 13 and 14: A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Page 17: A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Page 27 and 28: adhidaivata 16 dharma he will appea
Page 29 and 30: Agnihotra 18 number of bricks (10,8
Page 31 and 32: Akhil Bhäratïya Vidyärthi Pari
Page 33 and 34: Änanda Tïrtha 22 Änanda Tïrtha
Page 35 and 36: Äpastamba 24 Äpastamba Ancient wr
Page 37 and 38: arghya 26 One story explains its or
Page 39 and 40: ashes 28 expected to become more an
Page 41 and 42: a•flävaraæa 30 a•flävaraæa
Page 43 and 44: Aughara 32 Aughara A branch of the
Page 45 and 46: B Bädämi Ancient temple site in t
Page 47 and 48: Bhägavata Puräæa 36 the Mahäbh
Page 49 and 50: Bhärgavas 38 Jänatä Party in 198
Page 51 and 52: ïja-mantra 40 may be preferable to
Page 53 and 54: Brahma Puräæa 42 Vi•æu and rec
Page 55 and 56: eath control 44 followers of CAITAN
Page 57 and 58: C caitanya See CONSCIOUSNESS. Caita
Page 59 and 60: caæõäla 48 famous for its realis
Page 61 and 62: Cidambaram 50 The Churning of the O
Page 63 and 64: cow 52 the physical universe. (See
Page 65 and 66: Dak•iæeÿvara 54 Dak•iæeÿvar
Page 67 and 68: Daÿa-padärtha Ÿästra 56 Pärvat
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Devï Bhägavata Puräæa 58 Devï
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Divodäsa 60 Dïpävali (Divälï)
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Durväsas 62 Durväsas (‘ill-dres
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E Edgerton, Franklin (1885-1963) Or
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equality of women 66 result of deba
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F faith (viÿväsa, ÿraddhä) In a
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Frauwallner, Erich 70 Frauwallner,
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Gaæeÿa 72 Returning to India in 1
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ghï 74 ghï Clarified butter, an i
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Gokula 76 founded the Servants of I
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grammar 78 grammar See VYÄKÄRAŒA
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happiness 80 one of the four places
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Hindu Mahäsabhä 82 Hindu Mahäsab
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I icchä (‘desire’, ‘wish’)
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International Transcendental Medita
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jägarita sthäna 88 by two smaller
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jätï 90 jätï (‘birth-group’
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K Kabïr (1440-1518) Famous poet-sa
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Kalpa-sütra 94 Kalpa-sütra One of
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Karpatriji Maharaj 96 and found by
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Kauverï 98 Kauverï Major river in
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krodha 100 krodha (‘anger’) One
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Kuruk•etra 102 Kuruk•etra (‘t
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Lava 104 Lava The younger of the tw
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M Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1854-1
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Magadha 108 BCE). Until about the f
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Mähär 110 supposed to be circumsc
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Mänasa 112 Mänasa, also Mänasasa
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Manu 114 transmission of a mantra f
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Mätøkas 116 in today’s Kerala.
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Meykaæõa(deva) 118 Meykaæõa(dev
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moon 120 moon The hundreds of synon
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music 122 worshipped with flowers,
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näga 124 näga (2) Naked ascetics,
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Nära-Närada 126 time it takes to
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Nimbärka 128 Nimbärka, also Nimä
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O Oldenberg, Hermann (1854-1920) On
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P padapaflha The text of the Veda i
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panth(a) 134 accomplishments of the
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Pätañjala Yoga 136 Pätañjala Yo
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patita 138 independently, without s
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pradak•iæa 140 pradak•iæa See
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prati-•flhäpana 142 prati-•flh
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Purï 144 Purï See JAGAN-NÄTHA PU
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R Rädhä, also Rädhikä The favou
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Räma Tïrtha, Swämi 148 AVATÄRA
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Räm(a)däs(a) 150 death and Räma
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enouncer/renunciation 152 and autho
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Ø•abha 154 best known accomplish
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S Ÿäbara (first century BCE) (‘
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Sadä-ÿiva 158 Sadä-ÿiva The for
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Ÿäkafläyana 160 Ÿäkafläyana A
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Sadhyäbhä•a 162 Sadhyäbhä•a
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Saögam 164 Saögam (2), also Canka
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Sarasvatï 166 ÿarïra See BODY.
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sat-putra-märga 168 sat-putra-mär
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Sen, Keshub Chandra 170 According t
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Sïtä 172 between upapätaka (‘l
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smaraæa 174 smaraæa (‘rememberi
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Ÿrïraögam 176 Ÿrïraögam Situa
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•ukla-pak•a 178 ÿukla-pak•a
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svayam-vyakta 180 which are conside
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Tantra 182 Tantra (2) A form of Hin
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ut these differences are not relate
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tïrtha 186 sequence can no longer
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tri-mürti 188 tri-mürti (‘three
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tyäga 190 tyäga (‘renunciation
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Umäpati 192 Umäpati (‘lord of U
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V vac (‘speech’, ‘word’) In
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Vaiÿya 196 saƒpradäya, founded b
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Värkarïs 198 was constructed in 1
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Vedäægas 200 Vedäægas (‘limbs
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Veökafleÿvara 202 Veökafleÿvara
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vïrya 204 contentment, ritual acti
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Viÿva-näflha 206 Viÿva-näflha (
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W war (vigraha) Hindu history, from
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word 210 books on Tantric Hinduism,
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yama 212 who have died. In the epic
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Yogaväsi•flha Rämäyaæa 214 4,
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Chronology The chronology of Ancien
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A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Appendices Appendix One: The Philos
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Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Thematic Index Mythology Ancestors,
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Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
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A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie

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