A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Umäpati 192<br />
Umäpati<br />
(‘lord <strong>of</strong> Umä’, ‘Uma’s husband’)<br />
A frequent designation <strong>of</strong> Ÿiva.<br />
unborn (aja)<br />
An epithet <strong>of</strong> the ultimate, ÄTMAN and<br />
BRAHMAN.<br />
universe (jagat; viÿva)<br />
The Hindu universe, as described in the<br />
Puräæas, is geocentric: the earth is the<br />
centre, but not the best part <strong>of</strong> it; it is<br />
suitable only for ‘work’, for gaining liberation<br />
from saƒsära. The universe as a<br />
whole is encompassed by the shell <strong>of</strong> the<br />
WORLD EGG, 500 million yojanas in<br />
diameter. Inside this egg there are concentric<br />
layers <strong>of</strong> firm continents surrounded<br />
by oceans containing different<br />
liquids. It contains the heavens <strong>of</strong> the<br />
various deities as well as the netherworlds<br />
and the hells. Most Hindu<br />
schools <strong>of</strong> thought accept a periodic<br />
creation and destruction <strong>of</strong> the universe<br />
in a succession <strong>of</strong> world ages (kalpas)<br />
and they also assume the simultaneous<br />
existence <strong>of</strong> a multitude <strong>of</strong> parallel universes.<br />
(See also COSMOLOGY; DVÏPA;<br />
TIME, DIVISIONS OF.)<br />
unreality (1)<br />
In logic, abhäva (non-existence), accepted<br />
by some schools as a separate entity.<br />
unreality (2)<br />
In Vedänta, asat(ya), the whole <strong>of</strong> finite<br />
beings, in contrast to sat(ya) (reality)<br />
which by definition must be unchanging,<br />
eternal and conscious.<br />
unrighteousness<br />
See ADHARMA.<br />
untouchability<br />
See OUTCASTE.<br />
untruth (anøta)<br />
The opposite <strong>of</strong> ØTA, the right order <strong>of</strong><br />
things; it is seen as destructive and a<br />
negative power.<br />
upadeÿa (‘instruction’)<br />
The teaching <strong>of</strong> a GURU.<br />
Upa-deÿa-sahasrï<br />
(‘thousand instructions’)<br />
The title <strong>of</strong> a popular ADVAITA work,<br />
attributed to ŸA¢KARA (2).<br />
upadhyäya (‘teacher’)<br />
Used today as the Indian equivalent <strong>of</strong><br />
the academic title ‘doctor’.<br />
upamäna, also upamiti<br />
Analogy. One <strong>of</strong> the acknowledged<br />
PRAMÄŒAS.<br />
upa-nayana<br />
Initiation. Upanayana is given only to<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the three upper CASTES (usually<br />
only to boys). Its outward sign is<br />
the JANËU (sacred thread). (See also<br />
SAßSKÄRA.)<br />
Upani•ads<br />
Derived from upa (near), ni (down), sad<br />
(sit), this is the designation <strong>of</strong> the fourth<br />
and last part <strong>of</strong> the VEDAS (also called<br />
VEDÄNTA) containing mystical teachings.<br />
It is the basis <strong>of</strong> the jñänamärga and<br />
Vedänta darÿana. The so-called ‘principal<br />
Upani•ads’ are Bøhadäraæyaka, Chäöõogya,<br />
Ïÿa, Kena, Aitareya, Taittirïyä,<br />
Kauÿïtaki, Kaflha, Muæõaka, Ÿvetaÿvatara,<br />
Praÿna, Maitri, and Mäæõukya.<br />
The traditional number <strong>of</strong> Upani•ads is<br />
108. Several hundred Upani•ads are<br />
known, some <strong>of</strong> very recent origin such<br />
as an Allah Upani•ad and a Khrist<br />
Upani•ad. The Upani•ads belong to the<br />
prasthäna-trayï, and every Vedänta