A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
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157 sad-äcära<br />
sacrifice<br />
(yajña)<br />
The central act <strong>of</strong> Vedic religion, considered<br />
indispensable for the continuation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the world and the well-being <strong>of</strong><br />
society and individuals. The Vedas<br />
describe the creation <strong>of</strong> the world in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> a sacrifice and derive the institution<br />
<strong>of</strong> the four VARŒAS from the sacrifice<br />
<strong>of</strong> a primeval puru•a (human). In<br />
the course <strong>of</strong> time the ritual <strong>of</strong> sacrifice<br />
became very intricate and elaborate,<br />
and the performance <strong>of</strong> sacrifices<br />
became the prerogative <strong>of</strong> brahmins,<br />
who received an extensive schooling in<br />
everything pertaining to it. The roles <strong>of</strong><br />
various classes <strong>of</strong> priests were precisely<br />
defined in the sacred books.<br />
Besides the regular routine <strong>of</strong> sacrifices<br />
(such as new moon and full moon<br />
sacrifices, quarterly seasonal sacrifices,<br />
daily oblations) there were special sacrifices<br />
performed to obtain particular<br />
objectives: thus a person desirous <strong>of</strong><br />
going to HEAVEN (after death) was<br />
enjoined to perform a special sacrifice; a<br />
king desirous <strong>of</strong> establishing his<br />
supremacy over his realm was to perform<br />
a horse sacrifice (aÿvamedha), a<br />
complex ritual stretched out over a<br />
whole year. It is extensively described in<br />
the BRÄHMAŒAS, and has received a<br />
great deal <strong>of</strong> attention from Western<br />
Indologists. The last recorded aÿvamedha<br />
was performed in the 18th<br />
century by a Rajput king.<br />
Sacrifices were believed to provide<br />
strength to the gods, on whose activities<br />
depended the maintenance <strong>of</strong> the world.<br />
They were also used to expiate sins and<br />
to gain power. The sacrifice was supposed<br />
to have a great hidden power<br />
(prabhäva) which could become dangerous<br />
if not handled properly by brahmins.<br />
Animals (especially goats), liquor<br />
(especially the fermented juice <strong>of</strong> the<br />
SOMA plant), plants and cooked FOOD<br />
(especially barley cakes) were the ingredients<br />
<strong>of</strong> Vedic sacrifices. Killing an<br />
animal in a sacrifice was not considered<br />
an act <strong>of</strong> violence (hiƒsä), since it was<br />
prescribed by the Veda and conferred<br />
on the victim the privilege <strong>of</strong> a higher<br />
REBIRTH. Some animals such as the<br />
camel or the donkey were not considered<br />
suitable for sacrifice: they were<br />
believed to be lacking medha, the sacrificial<br />
substance.<br />
The puru•amedha (human sacrifice)<br />
was ranked as the highest among the<br />
Vedic sacrifices, imitating the primordial<br />
sacrifice <strong>of</strong> the primeval puru•a. Its<br />
protective power was considered so<br />
great that in ancient times no bridge<br />
was considered safe unless a human<br />
being had been sacrificed and built into<br />
its foundations.<br />
Human sacrifice was a major feature<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Goddess religions <strong>of</strong> India.<br />
Several Puräæas have lengthy descriptions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ritual <strong>of</strong> human sacrifice,<br />
and there are historic records <strong>of</strong> regular<br />
human sacrifices in places such as<br />
Kämäkhyä (Assam), a centre <strong>of</strong> DEVÏ<br />
worship, and in Tanjore (Tamilnäõü)<br />
far into the 19th century.<br />
An important aspect <strong>of</strong> all sacrifices<br />
is the intention or purpose <strong>of</strong> the sacrifice<br />
(yajñänta) and the fee given to the<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficiating priest (dak•iæa). The gifts<br />
given to brahmins for their services<br />
were <strong>of</strong>ten considerable: cattle, houses,<br />
land, entire villages.<br />
Under the influence <strong>of</strong> Buddhism<br />
and Jainism many Hindu communities<br />
abandoned animal sacrifices and substituted<br />
<strong>of</strong>ferings <strong>of</strong> fruit, flowers and<br />
vegetables to honour the gods. (See also<br />
AGNICAYANA; PÜJÄ.)<br />
sad-äcära<br />
(‘ethics’, ‘right behaviour’)<br />
Seen as an essential ingredient <strong>of</strong> all<br />
religion by Hindus. The specific<br />
sadäcära <strong>of</strong> various saƒpradäyas<br />
(sects) also contains dietary and liturgical<br />
precepts, which vary from one to<br />
the other.