A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
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Ø•abha 154<br />
best known accomplishment is his successful<br />
struggle for the abolition <strong>of</strong> SATÏ,<br />
the burning alive <strong>of</strong> a widow on her<br />
husband’s funeral pyre, which was<br />
defended by many as part <strong>of</strong> the Hindu<br />
tradition. To respond to appeals from<br />
the pro-satï party he went to England,<br />
where he died. He is buried in Bristol.<br />
Ø•abha<br />
The son <strong>of</strong> Näbhi, the great-grandson <strong>of</strong><br />
MANU (2) Sväyambhuva, and Meru,<br />
father <strong>of</strong> BHARATA (2). After leaving his<br />
kingdom to his son he became an ascetic<br />
<strong>of</strong> great austerity. He is also held to be<br />
the founder <strong>of</strong> Jainism.<br />
ø•i<br />
A sage or poet, especially one who composed<br />
Vedic hymns. The ‘seven ø•is’<br />
(saptar•i), the ‘mind-born sons <strong>of</strong><br />
Brahmä’, are proverbial. Among them<br />
are Bhøgu, Gautama, Bharadväja,<br />
Viÿvamitra, Vasi•flha, Atri and Aögiras<br />
(the lists given in various sources are not<br />
all the same). They are identified with<br />
the seven stars <strong>of</strong> the Big Dipper. There<br />
are many ancient and modern personalities<br />
to whom the title ‘ø•i’ was given in<br />
recognition <strong>of</strong> their wisdom.<br />
Ø•ya-ÿøöga also Eka-ÿøöga<br />
(‘deer-horned’, ‘unicorn’)<br />
He was a descendant <strong>of</strong> KAŸYAPA and an<br />
ascetic from childhood. He grew up in a<br />
forest without any other human being<br />
except his father. When the country <strong>of</strong><br />
Aöga was threatened by a severe<br />
drought King Lomapäda, advised by his<br />
brahmins, sent for Ø•yaÿøöga to marry<br />
him to his daughter Ÿäntä, as rain was<br />
promised as a result <strong>of</strong> their union.<br />
Lured out from his hermitage by some<br />
beautiful young women, he married<br />
Ÿäntä and the desired rain fell. Ÿäntä<br />
was in reality the daughter <strong>of</strong> King<br />
DAŸARATHA, and Ø•ya•øöga performed<br />
the SACRIFICE that resulted in the birth <strong>of</strong><br />
Räma. His story became very popular;<br />
it was used by SAMNYÄSIS to warn young<br />
ascetics against becoming familiar with<br />
women. It can be found in the<br />
Bhägavata Puräæa.<br />
øta (‘cosmic order’)<br />
The eternal moral law that governs the<br />
universe. It parallels øtu, the sequence <strong>of</strong><br />
seasons, which in their regularity<br />
embody constancy and lawfulness.<br />
VARUŒA and MITRA are held to be the<br />
guardians <strong>of</strong> øta.<br />
øtu<br />
The seasons, <strong>of</strong> which the Indians count<br />
six: cool season (ÿi•ira); spring (vasanta);<br />
hot season (grï•ma); rainy season<br />
(var•a); autumn (ÿärada); snowy season<br />
(hïma). Thus the word øtu sometimes<br />
stands for the number six, or any fixed<br />
period <strong>of</strong> time.<br />
øtvik<br />
A priest who <strong>of</strong>ficiates at a Vedic SACRI-<br />
FICE. The four chief classes <strong>of</strong> priests are<br />
Hotø, Udgatø, Adhvaryu and Brähmaæa.<br />
Rudra<br />
(‘terrible’, ‘howler’)<br />
Mentioned in the Veda as a god <strong>of</strong><br />
death and destruction, feared and kept<br />
away from sacrifices. Later identified<br />
with Ÿiva, he represents this god’s fierce<br />
side. He is also known as Bhava, Ÿarva,<br />
Ïÿäna, Paÿupati, Bhïma, Ugra and<br />
Mahädeva.<br />
rudräk•a-mälä<br />
A rosary made <strong>of</strong> the fruit <strong>of</strong> the<br />
rudräk•a shrub, worn by ŸAIVITES<br />
around the neck, used to count the repetitions<br />
<strong>of</strong> MANTRAS (3). There are some<br />
late Upani•ads that glorify it and its<br />
effects.