A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism Klaus K Klostermaie
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
169 self<br />
‘Hindutva’, in which he advocated a<br />
distinction between <strong>Hinduism</strong> as a religion<br />
(Hindu dharma), divided into many<br />
saƒpradäyas (sects), and <strong>Hinduism</strong> as a<br />
culture (HINDUTVA), which is supposed<br />
to be one, became seminal for the further<br />
development <strong>of</strong> political <strong>Hinduism</strong>.<br />
Savitø (‘generator’)<br />
A vedic name for the SUN, to whom<br />
many hymns are addressed. Also the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> an epic poem by AUROBINDO<br />
GHOSE.<br />
Säyaæa (14th century)<br />
Celebrated commentator <strong>of</strong> the entire<br />
Øgveda and author <strong>of</strong> other works. He<br />
was the brother <strong>of</strong> Mädhaväcärya, and<br />
lived at the court <strong>of</strong> VIJÄYANÄGARA.<br />
säyujya (‘togetherness [with Vi•æu]’)<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the forms <strong>of</strong> emancipation from<br />
SAßSÄRA.<br />
Schrader, Otto (1876–1961)<br />
Renowned German Indologist, who<br />
pioneered the study <strong>of</strong> the VAIÆŒAVA<br />
saƒhitäs. After studies in Indology in<br />
several European universities, he accepted<br />
an appointment as director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
library <strong>of</strong> the Theosophical Society at<br />
Adyar (Madras) where he learnt Tamil,<br />
Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. He<br />
travelled widely to collect manuscripts for<br />
the library. He is best known for his<br />
pioneering work on PÄÑCARÄTRA. His<br />
Introduction to the Päñcarätra and the<br />
Ahirbudhnya Samhita (1916), written<br />
while he was interned in Ahmednagar<br />
during the First World War, became<br />
seminal for the study <strong>of</strong> the Vai•æava<br />
saƒhitäs. After his return to Germany<br />
and as pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Indology at Kiel<br />
University he concentrated on studies on<br />
the Bhagavadgïtä. He was honoured with<br />
the title ‘Vidyäsägara’ by the Bhärata<br />
Mahämandal in Väräæasï in 1924.<br />
second birth<br />
Initiation (UPANAYANA) and investiture<br />
with the sacred thread given to the three<br />
upper VARŒAS (Brahmaæas, K•atriyas,<br />
Vaiÿyas) is called a ‘second birth’ and<br />
the initiated are called dvijatis, ‘twiceborn’.<br />
secularism<br />
The Indian constitution, written under<br />
prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s government,<br />
declared India (Bhärat) ‘a secular<br />
democracy’. Many traditional<br />
Hindus resisted ‘secularism’ and wanted<br />
India to be a Hindu rä•flra (state) and<br />
<strong>Hinduism</strong> declared the state religion (as<br />
Pakistan had declared Islam its state<br />
religion). ‘Secularism’ was interpreted by<br />
its defenders not as hostility towards<br />
religion or dismissal <strong>of</strong> religion, but as<br />
tolerance for all religions and impartiality<br />
towards all. One <strong>of</strong> the consequences <strong>of</strong><br />
secularism was the injunction against<br />
teaching <strong>Hinduism</strong> in public schools.<br />
Secularism has become the main target <strong>of</strong><br />
the Hindu political parties who accuse<br />
the Congress governments that ruled the<br />
country for over four decades <strong>of</strong> having<br />
legislated against Hindu DHARMA. They<br />
strive to overthrow secularism.<br />
self<br />
The nature <strong>of</strong> the self has been conceived<br />
in a great variety <strong>of</strong> ways in<br />
Hindu thought and is one <strong>of</strong> the main<br />
foci <strong>of</strong> all Hindu darÿanas (philosophical<br />
systems). Many classical Hindu<br />
scholarly works begin with a review and<br />
critique <strong>of</strong> all major conceptions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
self before establishing their own positions.<br />
They all reject the materialist<br />
CÄRVÄKA notion that identifies the self<br />
with the physical body, and the<br />
Buddhist ‘no-self’ teaching. As far as<br />
Hindu systems are concerned, SÄßKHYA<br />
and YOGA teach a plurality <strong>of</strong> individual<br />
selves (puru•a) that are immaterial and<br />
eternal, uncreated and conscious.