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IUMDWCTION II- 1. Excreta-related diseases are responsible for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially amongst low-income communities in urban fringe and rural areas where adequate water supplies and sanitation facilities are typically absent. Excreta control is thus of paramount importance if the incidence of these diseases is to be reduced. Research sponsored by the World Bankl/ has clearly shown that excreta-related diseases can be greatly reduced by (a) the provision of sanitary toilets, of whatever type, which people of all ages will use and keep clean; (b) the effective treatment of excreta or sewage prior to discharge or reuse; (c) the provision of an adequate water supply such that water consumption is in the region of 30 to 50 liters per capita per day, which is normally the minimum requirement for the control of those excreta-related irLfections which have a water-washed mode of transmission; and (d) cn effective ind sustained program of personal hygiene education by the responsible local authority. 2. Economic and financial constraints dictate that the water supply and sanitation technologies to be used for the control of excreta-related diseases in low-income communities must be affordable by these communities; these technologies must therefore have low capital and operating costs. In rural areas and in urban areas up to a population density of around 300 persons per hectare, the least cost technically feasible sanitation technolog-, will often be the ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, and there is no doubt that the VIP latrine will be one of the sanitation technologies mcst widely adopted during the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Oicade to meet the needs of the urban and rural poor. VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINES General Description 3. Traditionally-designed pit latrines have two main disadvantages: they smell and give rise to serious fly nuisance. Both these disadvantages are substantially reduced in VIP latrines. As shown schematically in Figure 1, the pit of the VIP latrine is slightly offset from the superstructure in order to permit the installation of a vertical screened vent pipe. As explained below, both fly and odor nuisance are controlled by the vent pipe; in all other respects VIP latrines are similar to, and designed in the same way as, traditional pit latrines, although some recent designs have the novel feature that the pit is emptyable so that the latrine can be a permanent structurs 2 /. 1/ See Annex IV, Volume 3. 2/ See TAG Working Paper or Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine Design (forthcoming).
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WATER AND SANITATION FORHEALTHPROJE
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WASH FIELD REPORT NO. 99 TRAINING I
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4.6 Evaluation ... . ... ..........
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Staffing and transport requirements
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Malawi =area .,-Osok a . asama / '
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only one consultant) and by the Gov
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 THE TRAI
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Wednesday Afternoon 1:30-5:30 pm -
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A cadre of trainers, some of them w
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1. Learning by Doing; The workshop
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4.5 Agenda The agenda for each of t
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The written examination on workshop
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5.4 Production of Visual Aids Tangi
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Chapter 6 OUTCOMES AND CONCLUSIONS
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APPENDIX A WATER AND SANITATION FOR
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t+,I: IV W." M4 pl, FfOi€ AC +-,
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Tl\I' ING COLBULTAT TEIS OF REFERE1
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Participants: Leaders: Visitor: APP
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IoB.C& Vumbe J.W. Kanthalo A-It Chi
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APPENDIX E MAILYASTMES kIWMAYztix U
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SUPPLEMENT TO WASH FIELD REPORT NO.
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CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1.
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1.4 Site The TOT was held at Msamba
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2.1 Tuesday Morning (Continued) Act
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2.2 Wednesday Morning (Continued) T
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2.3 Wednesday Afternoon (Continued)
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2.4 Thursday Morning (Continued) Di
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2.5 Thursday Afternoon (Continued)
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2.7 Friday Afternoon (Continued) Th
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3.1 Participant Responses to Evalua
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4. Recommendations 4.1 More Time Du
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Participants: Leaders: Visitor: TRA
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THE LECTURETTE Description This is
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CASE STUDY AND CRITICAL INCIDENTS D
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Description INSTRUMENTATION Instrum
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Determine the number of role player
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GROUP DISCUSSION Description Center
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Don't allow one or more members to
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In a leadingquestion, the answer is
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.:.
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ABOUT DEMONSTRATIONS What A demonst
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When and Where Plan when and where
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8 Here is an outline for planning a
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CONDUCTING YOUR DEMONSTRATION E' 'T
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EVALUATE YOUR DEMONSTRATION Everyon
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WHO IS A LEADER? Anyone in the viil
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Some people have one kind and some
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ho meaning of "responsibility" fort
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joyed it. If you train leaders to d
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EXPER ,NTIAL TRAlLiG IETHODOLOGY Th
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D£.zing this phase it is not possi
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The Role of The Trainer in Experien
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Task Analysis (Ccnt'd) -2- Much of
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7aak-Ana.&sis (Cont 'd) -4- The nex
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Task Analysis (Cont'd) This, obviou
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1. ORDERS: "Don't do that anymore !
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MIN TASK: or = ±\owedereuie Codecs
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A Behavioral Objective is not conce
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Some of these actions might include
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-6- MAIN POINTS ABOUT FEH{VIORTL O3
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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TRAININ
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Chapter 2 TRAINING SESSIONS 2.1 Int
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Project Background and Strategy (Co
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Village Leadership (Continued) NOTE
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2.4 Co-ordination with Water Depart
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2.5 Village Inspection Skills 3 hou
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Village Inspection Skills (Continue
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Review of Village Inspection Visit
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Evaluation of the workshop (Continu
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2.9 Sanitation Technology 5 hours O
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2.10 Introduction to Village Health
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2.11 What HE - 3 Adults to Learn 1
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What helps Adults to Learn (Continu
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2.12 Effective Questioning 1 hour O
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Effective Questioning (Continued) 3
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2.13 Leading a Discussion 3 1/2 hou
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Leading a Discussion (Continued) 4.
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Problem Analysis - Introduction, Pr
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2.15 Review of Problem Analysis Vil
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Review of Problem Analysis Village
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Communicable Diseases (Continued) 5
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2.17 infestations 50 minutes Object
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Diarrhea, Dehydration and Rehydrati
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Lesson Planning (Continued) LUNCH 7
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2.20 Giving Training Lessons 7 hour
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2.22 Final Review of Recording and
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1983 Project Objectives (Continued)
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Last Day (Continued) Activities: (C
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Newsprint - 500 sheets APPENDIX B T
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