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Fly screen - OIA"AW \Thatched roof &~'A'X~ Cement rendered reed VYent -pipe Mu n wtl spiral t i Rectarigilar pit Timber cover slab Figure 11: Exploded sthamrtic diagram of Eud and wattle spiral VIP latrine. , R/
- 20 35. The pit dimensions are 1.5 m x 0.6 m x 3 m. It is important to ensure that the longitudinal axis of the pit lies north-south, to permit correct orientation of the opening (see paragraph 25). Once the pit has been excavated (and, if necessary, lined i/), the cover slab is formed. This is done by placing two logs, measuring 2.1 to 2.3 m long and approximately 100 mm in diameter. along the pit 300 mm anart, such that their upper surface is flush with ground leval (this necessiLates removing soil at both ends of the pit). Logs measuring 1.2 :a 'ong and roughly 100 mm in diameter are then placed acrost- the iougicudiivl log3 without gaps and nailed or tied to them; apertures for tiLe vent pipe ar.d satuat hiole are formed at the appropriate places (cee Anncx L) by : u0i pairs of shorter logs which come to the inner edge of the ongituctinal Togs. ThL wooden logs used should be resistant to termite and luagal attack; in Zimbibwe mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and mususu (Ter'inilia sericea) are commonly used 2/. 36. Once the logs are in position, the superstructure is then built. Some 30 to 40 timber poles, 1.8 m long and 50 to 80 mm in diameter, are erected in the spiral shape, nailed to the cover slab and tied together using 18 swg (1.219 mmr) wire. The lower ends of some of the poles should be roughly cut to a point so that they may be firmly wedged between and nailed to the cover slab logs. The upper sections of the poles are kept in place by fastening rings oi green saplings around them. The roof is then made from gum poles about 30 mm in diameter which are pliable and can be easily shaped to the desired cir:ulp.r form. The-diameter of the roof base is 2 m and its apex 0.5 m abo':e the plane of the base. The roof is made by weaving and tying 1.2 m lon. gu poles between five circles of green saplings 225 mm apart. The roof is then thatzhcd with straw or dry grass and placed on and tied to the superstrvcturi. This procedure *.as adopted as it is the traditional method for making rrofz ;i rural Zi-mbabwe. The thatching has to be very dense to keep the -up3r:.-ructure sufficirntly dark for good fly control. 37. OrLcn th:e Auperstructure and r,.of is complete the application of mud begins; in Ztrrbae rdraitional practice in the rural areas is not to use soil from the grurvd b.t froir termite hills as this is found to have better adhesive ?ro.eree. ;.id gCeater durability. The superstructure is first plastered witfl mud, bnth inside and outside. The cover slab is then also plastered wit.: mud sue's L',ac the floor slopes in all directions to the squat hole. As the nu. drie.:, r.:cks appear a,~d the surfaces are plastered with mud again to fill these cracks and :o provide increased strength. The mud is allowed to d-y oC.it and all surtaces are then plastered with a thin coat of I/ iit li-ning (see Para-caph 14) recuires an additional half bag of cement (Z 1.7, US$ 2.5). i/n rural areas of de-eloping countries local knowledge of suitable timbers and termite protection methods is generally very good, and it is always worth as!king the local people what timbers they use and where they use them in buildings (see P.A. Campbell, "Some developments in tropical timber technolc.-y", Appropriate Technology, 2 (3), 21-23, 1975). In Zimbabwe less resistant wcods Luch as the indigenous Msasa (Brachystesia spiciformis) or gum wood ( l _t'ts s.p.) are commonly protected against termite attack by coatir.g tle with liberal qucnt-.ties of wood ash, used engine oil, coarse salt, carbolirnium or dieldrin. ,6 }~
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WATER AND SANITATION FORHEALTHPROJE
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WASH FIELD REPORT NO. 99 TRAINING I
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4.6 Evaluation ... . ... ..........
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Staffing and transport requirements
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Malawi =area .,-Osok a . asama / '
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only one consultant) and by the Gov
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 THE TRAI
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Wednesday Afternoon 1:30-5:30 pm -
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A cadre of trainers, some of them w
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1. Learning by Doing; The workshop
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4.5 Agenda The agenda for each of t
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The written examination on workshop
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5.4 Production of Visual Aids Tangi
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Chapter 6 OUTCOMES AND CONCLUSIONS
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APPENDIX A WATER AND SANITATION FOR
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t+,I: IV W." M4 pl, FfOi€ AC +-,
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Tl\I' ING COLBULTAT TEIS OF REFERE1
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Participants: Leaders: Visitor: APP
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IoB.C& Vumbe J.W. Kanthalo A-It Chi
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APPENDIX E MAILYASTMES kIWMAYztix U
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SUPPLEMENT TO WASH FIELD REPORT NO.
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CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1.
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1.4 Site The TOT was held at Msamba
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2.1 Tuesday Morning (Continued) Act
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2.2 Wednesday Morning (Continued) T
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2.3 Wednesday Afternoon (Continued)
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2.4 Thursday Morning (Continued) Di
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2.5 Thursday Afternoon (Continued)
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2.7 Friday Afternoon (Continued) Th
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3.1 Participant Responses to Evalua
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4. Recommendations 4.1 More Time Du
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Participants: Leaders: Visitor: TRA
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THE LECTURETTE Description This is
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CASE STUDY AND CRITICAL INCIDENTS D
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Description INSTRUMENTATION Instrum
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Determine the number of role player
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GROUP DISCUSSION Description Center
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Don't allow one or more members to
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In a leadingquestion, the answer is
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.:.
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ABOUT DEMONSTRATIONS What A demonst
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When and Where Plan when and where
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8 Here is an outline for planning a
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CONDUCTING YOUR DEMONSTRATION E' 'T
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EVALUATE YOUR DEMONSTRATION Everyon
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WHO IS A LEADER? Anyone in the viil
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Some people have one kind and some
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ho meaning of "responsibility" fort
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joyed it. If you train leaders to d
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EXPER ,NTIAL TRAlLiG IETHODOLOGY Th
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D£.zing this phase it is not possi
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The Role of The Trainer in Experien
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Task Analysis (Ccnt'd) -2- Much of
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7aak-Ana.&sis (Cont 'd) -4- The nex
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Task Analysis (Cont'd) This, obviou
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1. ORDERS: "Don't do that anymore !
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MIN TASK: or = ±\owedereuie Codecs
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A Behavioral Objective is not conce
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Some of these actions might include
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-6- MAIN POINTS ABOUT FEH{VIORTL O3
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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TRAININ
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Chapter 2 TRAINING SESSIONS 2.1 Int
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Project Background and Strategy (Co
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Village Leadership (Continued) NOTE
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2.4 Co-ordination with Water Depart
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2.5 Village Inspection Skills 3 hou
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Village Inspection Skills (Continue
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Review of Village Inspection Visit
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Evaluation of the workshop (Continu
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2.9 Sanitation Technology 5 hours O
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2.10 Introduction to Village Health
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2.11 What HE - 3 Adults to Learn 1
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What helps Adults to Learn (Continu
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2.12 Effective Questioning 1 hour O
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Effective Questioning (Continued) 3
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2.13 Leading a Discussion 3 1/2 hou
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Leading a Discussion (Continued) 4.
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Problem Analysis - Introduction, Pr
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2.15 Review of Problem Analysis Vil
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Review of Problem Analysis Village
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Communicable Diseases (Continued) 5
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2.17 infestations 50 minutes Object
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Diarrhea, Dehydration and Rehydrati
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Lesson Planning (Continued) LUNCH 7
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2.20 Giving Training Lessons 7 hour
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2.22 Final Review of Recording and
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1983 Project Objectives (Continued)
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Last Day (Continued) Activities: (C
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Newsprint - 500 sheets APPENDIX B T
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C-1 REPORT ON NATIOI&L SEMINAR FOR
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14 INTRODUCT ION _HEALTH OUCATION A
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Page 187 and 188: -7- Participants then marked a pape
Page 189 and 190: -9- Each group should then discuss
Page 191 and 192: 9 In addition to the.,alrcZy S; ' c
Page 193 and 194: 0 FIRST R' P% ' par SC ticipation L
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Page 201 and 202: - 21 - Question 6: How relovant wor
Page 203 and 204: 4.4 Goais of the Workshop C-2 By th
Page 205 and 206: NAIE STATION c-4 1R&H DUOAION AND I
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Page 219 and 220: 13 VIT4 AGINS)PC,I01T '13.1 Pupose
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Page 229 and 230: TASK 14 Why People Behave in Unheal
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Page 239 and 240: C-13 WHAT HELPS ADULTS TO LEARN? IN
Page 241 and 242: Refs No. -WSS/21/24 C-15 MINISTRY O
Page 243 and 244: C-16 MISTRy OF HEALTH HOSP. WORKSHO
Page 245 and 246: CONJUNCTIVIT IS ~c-i 7 Conjunctivit
Page 247 and 248: R=IYfRAT ION DehYdrati6n is a serio
Page 249 and 250: 0 LESSON PLANNING What (Content) Ho
Page 251 and 252: C-22 CHAPTER 13 Janaki and Saraivwa
Page 253 and 254: So Janaki discussed the!se customs
Page 255 and 256: STORY TELLING AS A TOOL FOR TEACHIN
Page 257 and 258: In this book we use ,alot of storie
Page 259 and 260: S. Acting out stories In Lardin Gaa
Page 261 and 262: TASK 15 The Village Health Game STA
Page 263 and 264: C-25 HESP PROJECT OBJECTIVES By 31s
Page 265 and 266: PERCENTAGE RECKONER NUMBER OF LATRI
Page 267 and 268: HEALTH EDUCATION AND SANITATION PPC
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Page 271 and 272: - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Page 273 and 274: ~*4~~ 7 co-, * a 0 0 0 Submitted by
Page 275 and 276: Nearest Health Unit (name, type) Vi
Page 277 and 278: Name__ SUNDAY -1 L MONDAY L L k'LHI
Page 279: - 2 6. Which of the following disea
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