Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Additional Studies Other S. typhimurium assays in which S9 was prepared from phenobarbital-induced rat liver reported mutagenicity of TDCPP in strain TA98 by liquid preincubation assay (Abe and Urano, 1994) and in TA100 by plate incorporation assay (Gold et al., 1978; Soederlund et al., 1985). Majeska and Matheson (1983) reported dose-related positive results for TDCPP and its metabolite 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol in TA100 with S9 (phenobarbital-induced) in standard plate assays at concentrations up to 500 :g/plate. In a liquid preincubation quantitative assay, results for TDCPP were essentially negative—only increasing mutation frequencies at cytotoxic concentrations (survival
Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked Recessive Lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.5275) Type: Sex-linked Recessive Lethal test Species, strain: Drosophila melanogaster, 100 males/concentration Metabolic activation: None Concentrations: 2.5 and 25% in feed (1% gum tragacanth in 3% sucrose) Purity: Technical-grade Fyrol FR-2, purity not reported Method: TDCPP added to feed of males for 24 hours, subsequently mated with virgin unexposed females Results: No evidence of toxicity or increase in the percentage of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations. Reference: Brusick and Jagannath, 1977 as described in WHO, 1998; also Litton Bionetics, Inc., 1976 Chromosomal Aberration in Vitro: C In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.5375) Type: In vitro chromosome aberration assay Species, strain: Mouse lymphoma L5178Y Metabolic activation: None, phenobarbital-induced or PCB-induced Concentrations: 0, 0.01 to 0.1 :L/mL for non-induced, phenobarbital-induced or PCB-induced mouse Purity: Not reported Method: 4-hour exposure to TDCPP with or without activation. Chromosomal aberrations scored in 50 metaphase spreads per concentration. Results: TDCPP caused increases chromosomal aberrations (up to 40%) with PCB- or phenobarbital-induction compared to noninduced S9. Reference: Brusick et al., 1979; also Litton Bionetics, Inc., 1977 Additional Information One confidential study reported negative results for TDCPP in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells with or without metabolic activation. Another confidential study reported positive results in human lymphocytes with metabolic activation. C In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.5900) Type: In vitro sister chromatid exchange assay 3-25
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Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
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LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
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Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
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Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
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concentration was much higher, but
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Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
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• 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
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Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
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hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
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NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
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Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
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Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
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Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
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Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
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Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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those reported in the publicly avai
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Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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Study Reference Millington et al.,
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Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
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Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
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Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
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Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
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References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
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Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
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Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
Page 71 and 72: Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
Page 73 and 74: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
Page 75 and 76: Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
Page 77 and 78: Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
Page 79 and 80: Additional Study: An acute inhalati
Page 81 and 82: application, four rabbits displayed
Page 83 and 84: Bladder effects were seen in some o
Page 85 and 86: • Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
Page 87 and 88: • Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
Page 89 and 90: tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
Page 91 and 92: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 93 and 94: 1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
Page 95 and 96: Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
Page 97 and 98: References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
Page 99 and 100: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
Page 101 and 102: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
Page 103 and 104: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 105 and 106: Results: No mortality after 14 days
Page 107 and 108: Additional Studies: Another study,
Page 109 and 110: occurred in treated groups compared
Page 111 and 112: high enough to induce significant r
Page 113 and 114: Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
Page 115 and 116: mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
Page 117 and 118: Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
Page 119 and 120: English summary and therefore could
Page 121: Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
Page 125 and 126: TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
Page 127 and 128: Another study showed that the 96-ho
Page 129 and 130: Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
Page 131 and 132: Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 133 and 134: Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
Page 135 and 136: hours (Unpublished study conducted
Page 137 and 138: Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
Page 139 and 140: Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
Page 141 and 142: pH: This chemical does not contain
Page 143 and 144: Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
Page 145 and 146: Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
Page 147 and 148: Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
Page 149 and 150: Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
Page 151 and 152: Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
Page 153 and 154: Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
Page 155 and 156: Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
Page 157 and 158: Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 159 and 160: Additional Studies and Information:
Page 161 and 162: Conclusion: The available subchroni
Page 163 and 164: Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
Page 165 and 166: Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
Page 167 and 168: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
Page 169 and 170: Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
Page 171 and 172: histopathological effects in the ne
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Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
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Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
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Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
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Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
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Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
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Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
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CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
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Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
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Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
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Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
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C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
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• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
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Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
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Corrosion Characteristics: No data
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determined at 50°C and it was foun
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Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
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Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
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Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
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Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
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Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
Page 287 and 288:
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Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
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SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Composition of Proprietary G assaye
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Several components of the [Formulat
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As described in unvalidated robust
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
Page 315 and 316:
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
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No studies were located that were r
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
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Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
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As described in a robust summary, m
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third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
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however, identify target organs tha
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Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
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[Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
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No additional, pertinent acute toxi
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
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Degradation and Transport Photolysi
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Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
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United States Environmental Protect
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