Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim Degradation Time Comments Reference SCAS and RDA Analytical Method (Method AC 72-M-S) Activated sludge with domestic sewage feed Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data Porous Pot Test: No data Pyrolysis: No data Hydrolysis as a Function of pH: No data 75.9% recovery 24 hours Mixed liquor extraction Ref. 43 Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conclusion: The biodegradation of Proprietary J in the presence of pond and/or river sediment has been adequately characterized. Basis for Conclusion: Biodegradation of Proprietary J has been studied under a variety of conditions and temperatures in the presence of both river and pond sediment. The weight of evidence indicates the potential for Proprietary J to degrade under these environmental conditions. Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Reference Pond water 25 0.44 days Time interval was 0-3 days. Ref. 46 Pond sediment 25 39 Static conditions. Sediment was collected from a pond made specifically for this experiment at Glenlea Research Station, University of Manitoba. Initial Proprietary J concentration 0.10 :g/mL. Sediment:water ratio 1:10. Time interval was 2-105 days. Ref. 46 Pond sediment 25 4.2 Time interval was 0-6 days. Ref. 47 Pond sediment 10 5.5 Time interval was 0-6 days. Ref. 47 Sedimentwater microcosms 39% (0.1 mg concentration), 18% (1 mg concentration), and 5% (10 mg concentration) mineralization after 8 weeks with innoculum from Lake Chicot, AR after 1 week of lag time. 13-31 Ref. 23
Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Reference Sedimentwater microcosms Sedimentwater microcosms Sedimentwater microcosms Sedimentwater microcosms 14% (0.1 mg concentration), 8% (1 mg concentration), and 2% (10 mg concentration) mineralization after 8 weeks with innoculum from Little Dixie Reservoir, MO after 1 week of lag time. 12.5% (0.1 mg concentration and 10 mg concentration) mineralization after 8 weeks with innoculum from Redfish Bay, TX. 1.9% (0.1 mg concentration) and 1.8% (10 mg concentration) mineralization after 8 weeks with innoculum DeGray Reservior, AR. 9.9% (0.1 mg concentration) and 6% (10 mg concentration) mineralization after 8 weeks with innoculum Arkansas River, AR. Ref. 23 Ref. 23 Ref. 23 Ref. 23 Pond sediment 5 16.1 Time interval was 0-6 days. Ref. 47 Soil Biodegradation with Product Identification: No data Indirect Photolysis in Water: No data Sediment/Soil Adsorption/Desorption: Conclusion: The K oc has not been adequately characterized. Basis for Conclusion: In both literature reports (Ref. 45 and Ref. 4), the values obtained for the K oc are calculated. No experimental values for this endpoint were located. K oc Source Reference 14600 Calculated from K ow using the Kenaga and Goring equation 2300 Calculated from water solubility using the Kenaga and Goring equation 13-32 Ref. 45 Ref. 4
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Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
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LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
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Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
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Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
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concentration was much higher, but
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Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
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• 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
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Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
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hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
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NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
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Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
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Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
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Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
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Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
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Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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those reported in the publicly avai
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Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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Study Reference Millington et al.,
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Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
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Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
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Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
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Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
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References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
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Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
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Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
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Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
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Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
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Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
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Additional Study: An acute inhalati
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application, four rabbits displayed
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Bladder effects were seen in some o
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• Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
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• Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
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Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
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References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Results: No mortality after 14 days
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Additional Studies: Another study,
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occurred in treated groups compared
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high enough to induce significant r
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Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
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mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
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Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
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English summary and therefore could
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Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
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Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
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TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
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Another study showed that the 96-ho
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Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
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hours (Unpublished study conducted
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Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
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pH: This chemical does not contain
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Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
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Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
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Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
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Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
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Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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Additional Studies and Information:
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Conclusion: The available subchroni
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Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
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Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
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Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
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Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
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histopathological effects in the ne
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Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
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Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
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Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
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Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
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Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
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Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
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CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
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Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
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Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
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Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
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C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
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• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
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Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
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• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
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Corrosion Characteristics: No data
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determined at 50°C and it was foun
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Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
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Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
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Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
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Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
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Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
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Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
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SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Composition of Proprietary G assaye
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Several components of the [Formulat
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As described in unvalidated robust
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
Page 315 and 316: Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
Page 317 and 318: Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
Page 319 and 320: Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
Page 321 and 322: Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 323 and 324: Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 325 and 326: Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
Page 327 and 328: CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
Page 329 and 330: No studies were located that were r
Page 331 and 332: • Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
Page 333 and 334: Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
Page 335 and 336: Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
Page 337 and 338: Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 339 and 340: Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 341 and 342: Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
Page 343 and 344: As described in a robust summary, m
Page 345 and 346: third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
Page 347 and 348: however, identify target organs tha
Page 349 and 350: Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
Page 351 and 352: Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 353 and 354: EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
Page 355 and 356: [Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
Page 357 and 358: No additional, pertinent acute toxi
Page 359 and 360: Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 361 and 362: Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
Page 363 and 364: Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 365: Degradation and Transport Photolysi
Page 369 and 370: Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 371 and 372: Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 373 and 374: • Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 375 and 376: GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 377 and 378: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 379 and 380: Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
Page 381 and 382: Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 383 and 384: Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 385 and 386: • Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 387 and 388: GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 389 and 390: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 391 and 392: Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
Page 393: United States Environmental Protect
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