Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Midwest Research Institute. 1979. Assessment for the need for limitation on triaryl and trialkyl/aryl phosphates. EPA Contract Report, Contract No. 68-01-4313, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Millington, L; Goulding, K; Adams, N. 1988. The influence of growth medium composition on the toxicity of chemicals to algae. Wat. Res. 22(12): 1593-1597. Monsanto Chemical Co. 1980. Phosphate ester hydraulic fluids: An aquatic environmental assessment of Pydraul 50E and 115E. TSCA 4 submissions by Monsanto Chemical Company, 1980, OTS0512763. Monsanto Chemical Co. 1982a. Letter from Monsanto Chemical Company to the USEPA regarding the bioconcentration factors for aryl phosphates with attachments. TSCA 4 submission by Monsanto Chemical Company, 1982, OTS0518907. Monsanto Chemical Co. 1982b. Letter from Monsanto Chemical Company to the USEPA regarding detection limits for the aryl phosphate esters with attachments. TSCA 4 submission by Monsanto Chemical Company, 1982, OTS0520054. Monsanto Chemical Co. 1982c. Summary on additional environmental testing of phosphate esters and attached enclosures with cover letter. TSCA 4 submission by Monsanto Chemical Company, 1981, OTS0512768. Monsanto Environmental Science Section. 1982. Acute toxicity of triphenyl phosphate (BN-78 1384305-3) to Chironomus tentans. TSCA 8D submission by Monsanto Co., 1983, OTS0206227. Muir, D. 1984. Phosphate esters. The handbook of environmental chemistry, O. Hutzinger, ed. 3(C): 41-66. Muir, D; Grift, N; Blouw, A; et al. 1980. Environmental dynamics of phosphate esters. I. uptake and bioaccumulation of triphenyl phosphate by rainbow trout. Chemosphere 9: 525-532. Muir, D; Yarechewski, A; Grift, N. 1989. Biodegradation of four triaryl/alkyl phosphate esters in sediment under various temperature and redox conditions. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 18: 269 286. Ofstad, E; Sletten, T. 1985. Composition and water solubility determination of a commercial tricresylphosphate. Sci. Total Environ. 43: 233-241. Palawski, D; Buckler, D; Mayer, F. 1983. Survival and condition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) after acute exposures to methyl parathion, triphenyl phosphate, and DEF. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30: 614-620. 1-66
Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pressures of organic compounds, up to 1 atm. Perry’s chemical handbook, p50-63. Sadtler Standard Spectra. 2004. In: CHEMFATE (Environmental Fate Data Base-Chemical Fate). Syracuse Research Corporation. Available on-line at http://www.syrres.com/esc/chemfate.htm. Accessed June 2004. Saeger, V; Hicks, O; Kaley, R; et al. 1979. Environmental fate of selected phosphate esters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 840-844. Sasaki, K; Suzuki, T; Takeda, M. 1982. Bioconcentration and excretion of phosphoric acid triesters by killifish (Oryzeas latipes). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28: 752-759. Sasaki, K; Takeda, M; Uchiyama, M. 1981. Toxicity, absorption, and elimination of phosphoric acid triesters by killifish and goldfish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27: 775-782. Sigma-Aldrich. 2003-2004. Triphenyl phosphate. Sigma-Aldrich Catalog, Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment. p1878. Sitthichaikasem, S. 1978. Some toxicological effects of phosphate esters on rainbow trout and bluegill. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Animal Ecology. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Smith, MI; Engel, EW; Stohlman, EF. 1932. Further studies on the pharmacology of certain phenol esters with special reference to the relation of chemical constitution and physiologic action. Nat. Inst. Health Bull. 160: 1-53. Sobotka, TJ; Brodie, RE; Arnold, A; et al. 1986. Neuromotor function in rats during subchronic dietary exposure to triphenyl phosphate. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 8: 7-10. SRC. 2004. PHYSPROP (Physical Properties Data Base). Triphenyl phosphate. Syracuse Research Corporation. Available online at http://www.syrres.com/esc/physprop.htm. Accessed June 2004. Sutton, WL; Terhaar, CJ; Miller, FA; et al. 1960. Studies on the industrial hygiene and toxicology of triphenyl phosphate. Arch. Environ. Health 1: 33-46. Tarvainen, K. 1995. Analysis of patients with allergic patch test reactions to a plastics and glues series. Contact Dermatitis 32: 346-351. Theiss, JC; Stoner, GD; Shimkin, MB; et al. 1977. Test for carcinogenicity of organic contaminants of Unites States drinking waters by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice. Cancer Res. 37: 2717-2720. 1-67
Page 1 and 2:
Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
Page 3 and 4:
LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
Page 5 and 6:
Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
Page 7 and 8:
Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
Page 9 and 10:
Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
Page 11 and 12:
concentration was much higher, but
Page 13 and 14:
Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
Page 15 and 16:
• 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
Page 17 and 18:
Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
Page 19 and 20: hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
Page 21 and 22: NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
Page 23 and 24: Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
Page 25 and 26: Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
Page 27 and 28: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 29 and 30: Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
Page 31 and 32: Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
Page 33 and 34: Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
Page 35 and 36: Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
Page 37 and 38: Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 39 and 40: those reported in the publicly avai
Page 43 and 44: Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 45 and 46: Study Reference Millington et al.,
Page 49 and 50: Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
Page 51 and 52: Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
Page 53 and 54: Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
Page 55 and 56: Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
Page 57 and 58: Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 59 and 60: Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
Page 61 and 62: Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
Page 63 and 64: Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
Page 65 and 66: References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
Page 67 and 68: Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
Page 69: Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
Page 73 and 74: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
Page 75 and 76: Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
Page 77 and 78: Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
Page 79 and 80: Additional Study: An acute inhalati
Page 81 and 82: application, four rabbits displayed
Page 83 and 84: Bladder effects were seen in some o
Page 85 and 86: • Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
Page 87 and 88: • Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
Page 89 and 90: tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
Page 91 and 92: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 93 and 94: 1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
Page 95 and 96: Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
Page 97 and 98: References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
Page 99 and 100: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
Page 101 and 102: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
Page 103 and 104: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 105 and 106: Results: No mortality after 14 days
Page 107 and 108: Additional Studies: Another study,
Page 109 and 110: occurred in treated groups compared
Page 111 and 112: high enough to induce significant r
Page 113 and 114: Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
Page 115 and 116: mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
Page 117 and 118: Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
Page 119 and 120: English summary and therefore could
Page 121 and 122:
Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
Page 123 and 124:
Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
Page 125 and 126:
TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
Page 127 and 128:
Another study showed that the 96-ho
Page 129 and 130:
Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
Page 131 and 132:
Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 133 and 134:
Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
Page 135 and 136:
hours (Unpublished study conducted
Page 137 and 138:
Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
Page 139 and 140:
Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
Page 141 and 142:
pH: This chemical does not contain
Page 143 and 144:
Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
Page 145 and 146:
Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
Page 147 and 148:
Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
Page 149 and 150:
Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
Page 151 and 152:
Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
Page 153 and 154:
Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
Page 155 and 156:
Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
Page 157 and 158:
Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 159 and 160:
Additional Studies and Information:
Page 161 and 162:
Conclusion: The available subchroni
Page 163 and 164:
Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
Page 165 and 166:
Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
Page 167 and 168:
Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
Page 169 and 170:
Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
Page 171 and 172:
histopathological effects in the ne
Page 173 and 174:
Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 175 and 176:
C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
Page 177 and 178:
Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
Page 179 and 180:
Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
Page 181 and 182:
Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
Page 187 and 188:
Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
Page 193 and 194:
Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
Page 195 and 196:
Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 197 and 198:
Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
Page 199 and 200:
Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
Page 201 and 202:
Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 203 and 204:
ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
Page 205 and 206:
Additional Studies and Information:
Page 207 and 208:
were elevated in all treated groups
Page 209 and 210:
Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
Page 211 and 212:
Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
Page 213 and 214:
These studies may be indicated, for
Page 215 and 216:
• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
Page 217 and 218:
• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
Page 219 and 220:
Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
Page 221 and 222:
Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
Page 223 and 224:
Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
Page 225 and 226:
Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
Page 227 and 228:
Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
Page 229 and 230:
Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
Page 231 and 232:
C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
Page 233 and 234:
• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
Page 235 and 236:
Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
Page 237 and 238:
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 239 and 240:
• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
Page 241 and 242:
Corrosion Characteristics: No data
Page 243 and 244:
determined at 50°C and it was foun
Page 245 and 246:
Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
Page 247 and 248:
Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
Page 249 and 250:
Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
Page 251 and 252:
• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
Page 253 and 254:
Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
Page 255 and 256:
• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
Page 261 and 262:
Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
Page 263 and 264:
• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 265 and 266:
GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 267 and 268:
Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
Page 273 and 274:
Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
Page 275 and 276:
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 277 and 278:
• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
Page 283 and 284:
Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
Page 285 and 286:
Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
Page 291 and 292:
SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
Page 293 and 294:
• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
Page 295 and 296:
Composition of Proprietary G assaye
Page 297 and 298:
Several components of the [Formulat
Page 299 and 300:
As described in unvalidated robust
Page 301 and 302:
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
Page 307 and 308:
Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
Page 309 and 310:
Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
Page 311 and 312:
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 313 and 314:
IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 323 and 324:
Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
Page 329 and 330:
No studies were located that were r
Page 331 and 332:
• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
Page 333 and 334:
Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 339 and 340:
Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 341 and 342:
Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
Page 343 and 344:
As described in a robust summary, m
Page 345 and 346:
third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
Page 347 and 348:
however, identify target organs tha
Page 349 and 350:
Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
Page 351 and 352:
Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 353 and 354:
EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
Page 355 and 356:
[Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
Page 357 and 358:
No additional, pertinent acute toxi
Page 359 and 360:
Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 361 and 362:
Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
Page 363 and 364:
Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 365 and 366:
Degradation and Transport Photolysi
Page 367 and 368:
Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
Page 369 and 370:
Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 371 and 372:
Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 383 and 384:
Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393:
United States Environmental Protect
show all

Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?