Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms Conclusion: Ecotoxicity • The available acute freshwater toxicity data for fish, aquatic invertebrates, and algae were judged adequate to meet the endpoints. • The available acute marine/estuary toxicity data for fish, aquatic invertebrates, and algae were judged inadequate to meet the endpoints. Basis for Conclusion: Acute Toxicity to Freshwater and Marine Fish (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1075; OECD Guideline 203) A confidential 96-hour study in fish was located that reported no effects at saturation. These data allow this endpoint to be adequately characterized. Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1010; OECD Guideline 202) A confidential study in daphnid was located that reported a 24-hour EC50 of 1.2 mg/L and a 48-hour EC50 of 0.42 mg/L. These data allow this endpoint to be adequately characterized. Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.5400; OECD Guideline 201) A confidential 96-hour study in green algae was located that reported no effects at saturation. These data allow this endpoint to be adequately characterized. No additional acute toxicity studies with freshwater or saltwater fish, aquatic invertebrates, or algae were located that followed or were similar to the guideline protocols listed below. • Acute Toxicity to Freshwater and Marine Fish (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1075; OECD Guideline 203) • Acute Toxicity to Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1035) • Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.5400; OECD Guideline 201) Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms Conclusion: No available chronic toxicity data for fish and aquatic invertebrates. 9-9
Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent chronic toxicity studies with fish or aquatic invertebrates were located that addressed the endpoints in the guidelines listed below. • Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and Marine Fish (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1400; OECD Guideline 210) • Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1300; OECD Guideline 211) • Chronic Toxicity to Marine/Estuarine Invertebrates (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1350) Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms Conclusion: No available acute and subchronic toxicity data for terrestrial organisms. Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent acute oral, acute dietary, or reproductive toxicity studies with birds and no subchronic toxicity studies with earthworms were located that addressed the endpoints in the guidelines listed below. • Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.2100) • Acute Dietary Toxicity in Birds (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.2200; OECD Guideline 205) • Reproductive Toxicity in Birds (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.2300; OECD Guideline 206) • Earthworm Subchronic Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.6200; OECD Guideline 207) 9-10
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Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
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LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
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Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
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Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
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concentration was much higher, but
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Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
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• 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
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Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
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hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
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NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
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Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
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Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
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Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
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Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
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Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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those reported in the publicly avai
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Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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Study Reference Millington et al.,
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Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
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Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
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Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
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Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
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References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
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Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
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Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
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Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
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Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
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Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
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Additional Study: An acute inhalati
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application, four rabbits displayed
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Bladder effects were seen in some o
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• Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
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• Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
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Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
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References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Results: No mortality after 14 days
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Additional Studies: Another study,
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occurred in treated groups compared
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high enough to induce significant r
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Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
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mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
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Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
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English summary and therefore could
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Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
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Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
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TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
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Another study showed that the 96-ho
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Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
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hours (Unpublished study conducted
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Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
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pH: This chemical does not contain
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Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
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Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
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Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
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Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
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Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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Additional Studies and Information:
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Conclusion: The available subchroni
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Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
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Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
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Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
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Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
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histopathological effects in the ne
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Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
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Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
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Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
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Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
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Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
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Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
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CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
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Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
Page 227 and 228: Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
Page 229 and 230: Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
Page 231 and 232: C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
Page 233 and 234: • Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
Page 235 and 236: Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
Page 237 and 238: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 239 and 240: • Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
Page 241 and 242: Corrosion Characteristics: No data
Page 243 and 244: determined at 50°C and it was foun
Page 245 and 246: Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
Page 247 and 248: Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
Page 249 and 250: Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
Page 251 and 252: • Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
Page 253 and 254: Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
Page 255 and 256: • Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
Page 257 and 258: Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
Page 259 and 260: Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
Page 261 and 262: Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
Page 263 and 264: • Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 265 and 266: GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 267 and 268: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 269 and 270: Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
Page 271 and 272: Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
Page 273 and 274: Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
Page 275 and 276: REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 277: • Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
Page 281 and 282: Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
Page 283 and 284: Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
Page 285 and 286: Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
Page 289 and 290: Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
Page 291 and 292: SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
Page 293 and 294: • Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
Page 295 and 296: Composition of Proprietary G assaye
Page 297 and 298: Several components of the [Formulat
Page 299 and 300: As described in unvalidated robust
Page 301 and 302: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 305 and 306: Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
Page 307 and 308: Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
Page 309 and 310: Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
Page 311 and 312: REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 313 and 314: IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
Page 315 and 316: Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
Page 317 and 318: Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
Page 319 and 320: Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
Page 321 and 322: Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 323 and 324: Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 325 and 326: Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
Page 327 and 328: CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
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No studies were located that were r
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
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Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
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Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
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As described in a robust summary, m
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third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
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however, identify target organs tha
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Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
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[Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
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No additional, pertinent acute toxi
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
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Degradation and Transport Photolysi
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Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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United States Environmental Protect
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