Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Ecotoxicity Acute Toxicity to Fish (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 850.1075; OECD Guideline 203) Conclusion: The available acute fish toxicity data were judged adequate to meet the endpoint. Basis for Conclusion: The available acute fish toxicity studies are summarized in Table 1-1. Acute 96-hour toxicity studies in freshwater fish species including rainbow trout, fathead minnows, goldfish, bluegill sunfish, medaka, channel catfish, and carp and in saltwater species including silverside and sheepshead minnow were located. Most of the 96-hour LC50 values reported in the available literature are consistent with each other and ranged from 300 to 1,200 :g/L. One study (Dawson et al., 1977), however, reported substantially higher LC50 values for TPP (95,000 :g/L in silverside and 290,000 :g/L in bluegill). A reason for this discrepancy is not clear. However, the data reported by Dawson et al. (1977) were considered unreliable because the reported LC50 values are approximately 50 to 150 times greater than the solubility limit of TPP (approximately 2,000 :g/L). Also, the results reported by Dawson et al. (1977) are inconsistent with results from multiple other studies. Overall, the available acute fish toxicity endpoint appears to be satisfied by the currently existing database for the following reasons: • Studies are available in both cold- and warm-water freshwater species and in marine species; • Numerous studies are available that reported similar LC50 values; and • Although most of the available studies used static conditions, the results from the only study located that used flow-through conditions and analytically confirmed the test concentrations are consistent with results from static studies conducted in the same species. These data indicate that use of static exposure conditions produces similar results as flow-through studies. It should be noted, however, that sufficient detail was not included in many of the study reports to allow for a comprehensive and independent evaluation of data adequacy, most studies used static conditions and did not analytically confirm the test concentrations, and many studies were conducted prior to publication of GLP guidelines. A summary of the available acute toxicity studies in fish that were located as well as selected deficiencies in the studies is presented in Table 1-1. Studies that were either published in a foreign language or that were not readily available AND that were not critical to the hazard assessment were not retrieved. 1-26
Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978 Ciba-Geigy, 1981a Species Tested Table 1-1. Summary of available acute fish toxicity studies for triphenyl phosphate (115-86-6) a 96-Hour LC50 Carp 0.004 mL/L), tween (>0.07 mL/L), and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (>0.02 mL/L) Comments on the Data The study conduct followed German guidelines. Reporting deficiencies preclude an independent evaluation of data adequacy. LC50 values were not reported. LC100 was 1,000 and 10,000 :g/L with and without acetone, respectively. LC0 without acetone was 5,000 :g/L. LC0 value with acetone was not observed. The study reportedly followed OECD Guideline 203. TPP purity was 100%; loading rate was 0.21 g/L. Only minor reporting deficiencies were noted. Sublethal effects included abnormal swimming behavior and loss of equilibrium at all concentrations tested.
Page 1 and 2: Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
Page 3 and 4: LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
Page 5 and 6: Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
Page 7 and 8: Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
Page 9 and 10: Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
Page 11 and 12: concentration was much higher, but
Page 13 and 14: Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
Page 15 and 16: • 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
Page 17 and 18: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
Page 19 and 20: hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
Page 21 and 22: NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
Page 23 and 24: Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
Page 25 and 26: Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
Page 27 and 28: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 29: Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
Page 33 and 34: Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
Page 35 and 36: Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
Page 37 and 38: Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 39 and 40: those reported in the publicly avai
Page 43 and 44: Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 45 and 46: Study Reference Millington et al.,
Page 49 and 50: Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
Page 51 and 52: Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
Page 53 and 54: Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
Page 55 and 56: Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
Page 57 and 58: Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 59 and 60: Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
Page 61 and 62: Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
Page 63 and 64: Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
Page 65 and 66: References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
Page 67 and 68: Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
Page 69 and 70: Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
Page 71 and 72: Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
Page 73 and 74: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
Page 75 and 76: Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
Page 77 and 78: Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
Page 79 and 80: Additional Study: An acute inhalati
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application, four rabbits displayed
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Bladder effects were seen in some o
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• Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
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• Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
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Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
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References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Results: No mortality after 14 days
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Additional Studies: Another study,
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occurred in treated groups compared
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high enough to induce significant r
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Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
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mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
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Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
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English summary and therefore could
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Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
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Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
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TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
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Another study showed that the 96-ho
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Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
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hours (Unpublished study conducted
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Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
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pH: This chemical does not contain
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Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
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Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
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Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
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Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
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Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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Additional Studies and Information:
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Conclusion: The available subchroni
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Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
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Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
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Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
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Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
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histopathological effects in the ne
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Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 175 and 176:
C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
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Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
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Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
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Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
Page 183 and 184:
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Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
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Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
Page 189 and 190:
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CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
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Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
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Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
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Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
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C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
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• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
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Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
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• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
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Corrosion Characteristics: No data
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determined at 50°C and it was foun
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Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
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Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
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Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
Page 279 and 280:
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
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Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
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Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
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SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Composition of Proprietary G assaye
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Several components of the [Formulat
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As described in unvalidated robust
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Page 303 and 304:
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 313 and 314:
IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
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No studies were located that were r
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
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Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
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As described in a robust summary, m
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third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
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however, identify target organs tha
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Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
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[Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
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No additional, pertinent acute toxi
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Degradation and Transport Photolysi
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Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
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Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393:
United States Environmental Protect
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Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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