Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Disclaimer This document has not been through a formal external peer review process and does not necessarily reflect all of the most recent policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in particular those now under development. The use of specific trade names or the identification of specific products or processes in this document are not intended to represent an endorsement by EPA or the U.S. Government. Discussion of environmental statutes is intended for information purposes only; this is not an official guidance document and should not be relied upon to determine applicable regulatory requirements. For More Information To learn more about the Design for the Environment (DfE) Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership or the DfE Program, please visit the DfE Program web site at: www.epa.gov/dfe To obtain copies of DfE Program technical reports, pollution prevention case studies, and project summaries, please contact: National Service Center for Environmental Publications U.S. Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 42419 Cincinnati, OH 45242 Phone: (513) 489-8190, (800) 490-9198 Fax: (513) 489-8695 E-mail: ncepimal@one.net Acknowledgments This alternatives assessment was prepared by Eastern Research Group and Syracuse Research Corporation under funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Design for the Environment (DfE) Program in the Economics, Exposure, and Technology Division (EETD) of the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and Region IX. This document was produced as part of the DfE Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership, under the direction of the project’s steering committee. Special thanks to the Risk Assessment Division of OPPT, for their assistance in evaluating the chemicals in the report. Many thanks also to all the stakeholders who participated in the technical workgroups and who provided valuable input for the report.
United States Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment (7406M) EPA 742-R-05-002B September 2005 www.epa.gov/dfe
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Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
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LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
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Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
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Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
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concentration was much higher, but
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Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
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• 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
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Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
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hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
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NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
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Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
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Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
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Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
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Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
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Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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those reported in the publicly avai
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Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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Study Reference Millington et al.,
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Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
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Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
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Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
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Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
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References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
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Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
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Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
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Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
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Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
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Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
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Additional Study: An acute inhalati
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application, four rabbits displayed
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Bladder effects were seen in some o
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• Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
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• Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
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Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
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References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Results: No mortality after 14 days
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Additional Studies: Another study,
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occurred in treated groups compared
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high enough to induce significant r
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Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
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mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
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Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
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English summary and therefore could
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Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
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Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
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TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
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Another study showed that the 96-ho
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Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
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Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
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hours (Unpublished study conducted
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Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
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pH: This chemical does not contain
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Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
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Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
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Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
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Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
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Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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Additional Studies and Information:
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Conclusion: The available subchroni
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Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
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Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
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Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
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Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
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histopathological effects in the ne
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Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
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Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
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Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
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Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
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Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
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Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
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CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
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Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
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Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
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Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
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C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
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• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
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Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
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• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
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Corrosion Characteristics: No data
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determined at 50°C and it was foun
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Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
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Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
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Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
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Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
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Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
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Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
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SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Composition of Proprietary G assaye
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Several components of the [Formulat
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As described in unvalidated robust
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
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No studies were located that were r
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 341 and 342: Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
Page 343 and 344: As described in a robust summary, m
Page 345 and 346: third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
Page 347 and 348: however, identify target organs tha
Page 349 and 350: Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
Page 351 and 352: Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 353 and 354: EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
Page 355 and 356: [Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
Page 357 and 358: No additional, pertinent acute toxi
Page 359 and 360: Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 361 and 362: Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
Page 363 and 364: Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 365 and 366: Degradation and Transport Photolysi
Page 367 and 368: Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
Page 369 and 370: Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 371 and 372: Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 373 and 374: • Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 375 and 376: GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 377 and 378: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 379 and 380: Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
Page 381 and 382: Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 383 and 384: Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 385 and 386: • Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 387 and 388: GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 389 and 390: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 391: Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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