Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent neurotoxicity studies were located that addressed the endpoints in the guidelines listed below. Delayed Neurotoxicity • Acute and 28-Day Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.6100; OECD Guideline 418, 419) Note this guideline is not relevant for tribromoneopentyl alcohol, which is not an organophosphorus substance. Neurotoxicity (Adult) • Neurotoxicity Screening Battery (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.6200; OECD Guideline 424) Developmental Neurotoxicity: Developmental Neurotoxicity Study (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.6300) Additional neurotoxicity studies: • Schedule-Controlled Operant Behavior (mouse or rat) • OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.6500 • Peripheral Nerve Function (rodent) • OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.6850 • Sensory Evoked Potentials (rat, pigmented strain preferred) • OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.6855 These studies may be indicated, for example, to follow up neurotoxic signs seen in other studies, or because of structural similarity of the substance to neurotoxicants that affect these endpoints. These studies may be combined with other toxicity studies. IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No available immunotoxicity data. Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent immunotoxicity studies were located that addressed the endpoints in the guideline listed below. 2-14
• Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.7800) GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: The available genotoxicity data were judged adequate to meet the endpoint. Basis for Conclusion: Adequate data were submitted for mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations in vitro. Four studies of reverse mutation in bacteria in vitro reported negative results without activation or with activation using liver S9 from rat, rabbit, or monkey. These studies did not conform fully to OPPTS and OECD guidelines or were missing vital study details, but reported similar results. One study reported that activation with hamster S9 resulted in reverse mutation in bacteria. An additional, confidential, OECD guideline study of reverse mutation in bacteria in vitro also reported negative results without activation or with rat liver S9, and positive results with hamster liver S9. Other confidential studies reported positive results, with metabolic activation, for mutagenicity in cultured mouse lymphoma cells and chromosomal aberrations in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes. Gene Mutation in Vitro: C Bacterial Reverse Mutation test (OPPTS Harmonized Guideline 870.5100; OECD Guideline 471) Type: Bacterial reverse mutation Species, strain: Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535, TA-100, TA-1538, TA-98, and TA-1537 Metabolic activation: Absence and presence of an activating system derived from rat liver (S-9 mix) Concentrations: 50, 250, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 :g/plate Purity: Not reported Solvent: DMSO Method: Procedures stated as complying with OECD Guideline 471 (1983); preliminary toxicity test in strain TA-98. The assay utilized a plate incorporation method. The main study was conducted in duplicate with a negative solvent control, positive controls, and plates devoid of organisms to verify the sterility of the S-9 mix. Incubation at 37°C for 48 hours. Results: No significant increases in revertant colony numbers over control counts were obtained for trineopentyl alcohol with any of the tester strains, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. Reference: Ameribrom, Inc., 1990 Type: Bacterial reverse mutation Species, strain: Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535, TA-100, TA-1538, TA-98, and TA-1537 2-15
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Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
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LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
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Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
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Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
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concentration was much higher, but
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Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
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• 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
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Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
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hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
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NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
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Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
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Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
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Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
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Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
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Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
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Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
Page 35 and 36: Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
Page 37 and 38: Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 39 and 40: those reported in the publicly avai
Page 43 and 44: Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 45 and 46: Study Reference Millington et al.,
Page 49 and 50: Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
Page 51 and 52: Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
Page 53 and 54: Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
Page 55 and 56: Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
Page 57 and 58: Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 59 and 60: Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
Page 61 and 62: Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
Page 63 and 64: Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
Page 65 and 66: References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Ma
Page 67 and 68: Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
Page 69 and 70: Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
Page 71 and 72: Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
Page 73 and 74: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
Page 75 and 76: Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
Page 77 and 78: Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
Page 79 and 80: Additional Study: An acute inhalati
Page 81 and 82: application, four rabbits displayed
Page 83 and 84: Bladder effects were seen in some o
Page 85: • Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
Page 89 and 90: tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
Page 91 and 92: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 93 and 94: 1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
Page 95 and 96: Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
Page 97 and 98: References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
Page 99 and 100: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
Page 101 and 102: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
Page 103 and 104: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 105 and 106: Results: No mortality after 14 days
Page 107 and 108: Additional Studies: Another study,
Page 109 and 110: occurred in treated groups compared
Page 111 and 112: high enough to induce significant r
Page 113 and 114: Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
Page 115 and 116: mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
Page 117 and 118: Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
Page 119 and 120: English summary and therefore could
Page 121 and 122: Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
Page 123 and 124: Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
Page 125 and 126: TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
Page 127 and 128: Another study showed that the 96-ho
Page 129 and 130: Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
Page 131 and 132: Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 133 and 134: Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
Page 135 and 136: hours (Unpublished study conducted
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Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
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pH: This chemical does not contain
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Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
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Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
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Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
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Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
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Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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Additional Studies and Information:
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Conclusion: The available subchroni
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Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
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Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
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Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
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Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
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histopathological effects in the ne
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Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
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C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
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Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
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Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
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Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
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Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
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Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
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CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
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Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
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Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
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Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
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C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
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• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
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Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
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Corrosion Characteristics: No data
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determined at 50°C and it was foun
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Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
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Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
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Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
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• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
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GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
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Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
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Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
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Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
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SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
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• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
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Composition of Proprietary G assaye
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Several components of the [Formulat
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As described in unvalidated robust
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
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Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
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REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
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IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
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Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
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CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
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No studies were located that were r
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• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
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Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
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Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
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As described in a robust summary, m
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third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
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however, identify target organs tha
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Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
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EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
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[Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
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No additional, pertinent acute toxi
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Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
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Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
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Degradation and Transport Photolysi
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Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
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Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
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United States Environmental Protect
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