Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for

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Conditions Biodegradation of Triphenyl Phosphate in a Loamy Sand Soil at 20°C Percent TPP Remaining Over Time, HPLC 13 Days 32 Days 60 Days 101 Days Metabolites Identified Aerobic 69.3 46.6 30.4 20.2 Diphenyl phosphate, CO 2 Anaerobic 50.2 35.4 31.4 Diphenyl phosphate, CO 2, phenol Reference: Anderson et al., 1993 Indirect Photolysis in Water: No data Sediment/Soil Adsorption/Desorption: Conclusion: The K oc has been adequately characterized in a variety of soil types. K oc Soil Type Reference 2514 silty clay Anderson et al., 1993 3561 loamy sand 2756 silt loam All measurements were made at 20°C. 1-60
References Ahrens, V; Henion, J; Maylin, G; et al. 1978. A water-extractable toxic compound in vinyl upholstery fabric. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20: 418-422. Aldridge, WN; Barnes, JM. 1961. Neurotoxic and biochemical properties of some triaryl phosphates. Biochem. Pharmacol. 6: 177-188. Analytical Bio Chemistry Labs. 1978. Acute toxicity of triphenyl phosphate (BN-78-1384305 3) to Daphnia magna. TSCA 8D submission by Monsanto Co., 1983, OTS0206227. Anderson, C; Wischer, D; Schmieder, A; et al. 1993. Fate of triphenyl phosphate in soil. Chemosphere 27(5): 869-879. Atkinson, R. 1988. Estimation of gas-phase hydroxyl radical rate constants for organic chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7: 435-442. Bengtsson, B; Tarkpea, M; Sletten, T; et al. 1986. Bioaccumulation and effects of some technical triaryl phosphate products in fish and Nitocra spinipes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5: 853-861. Bio/Dynamics, Inc. 1970. A three week dermal toxicity study of santicizer 154 and triphenyl phosphate in rabbits (final report). TSCA 4 and 8d submissions (duplicate reports) by Monsanto 1983, OTS0519475 and OTS0206227. Budavari, S (ed). 2001. Triphenyl phosphate. The Merck index - An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 13 th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc. Carlsen, L; Andersen, KE; Egsgaard, H. 1986. Triphenyl phosphate allergy from spectacle frames. Contact Dermatitis 15: 274-277. Chemicals Inspection & Testing Institute. 1992. Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology & Information Center. Ciba-Geigy, Ltd. 1954. Acute oral toxicity to rats and mice with cover letter. TSCA 8d submission by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 1987, OTS0513254. Ciba-Geigy, Ltd. 1981a. Report on the acute toxicity of TK 12 869/A to rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri) with cover letter dated 010987. TSCA 8D submission by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 1981, OTS0513260. Ciba-Geigy, Ltd. 1981b. Report on the acute immobilization of Daphnia magna stratus by TK. TSCA 8D submission by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 1981, OTS0513261. 1-61
Page 1 and 2:
Volume 2 Chemical Hazard Reviews Fu
Page 3 and 4:
LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Summary of
Page 5 and 6:
Flame Retardant Alternatives Triphe
Page 7 and 8:
Triphenyl Phosphate: Existing Data
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Type: Acute oral LD50 Species, stra
Page 11 and 12:
concentration was much higher, but
Page 13 and 14: Vehicle: Not reported, but acute or
Page 15 and 16: • 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents
Page 17 and 18: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-
Page 19 and 20: hydroureter, enlarged ureter proxim
Page 21 and 22: NEUROTOXICITY Conclusion: The avail
Page 23 and 24: Critical Studies Type: Delayed neur
Page 25 and 26: Neurotoxicity (Adult) Conclusion: T
Page 27 and 28: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 29 and 30: Type: Mitotic Gene Conversion Speci
Page 31 and 32: Study Reference Ahrens et al., 1978
Page 33 and 34: Study Reference Geiger et al., 1986
Page 35 and 36: Study Reference Mayer et al., 1981
Page 37 and 38: Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
Page 39 and 40: those reported in the publicly avai
Page 43 and 44: Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 45 and 46: Study Reference Millington et al.,
Page 49 and 50: Chronic Toxicity to Fish (OPPT Harm
Page 51 and 52: Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Inverte
Page 53 and 54: Log K ow Reference 4.63 Saeger, 197
Page 55 and 56: Oxidation/Reduction: No data Oxidat
Page 57 and 58: Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 59 and 60: Fish Metabolism: Conclusion: The me
Page 61 and 62: Study Type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
Page 63: Sediment/Water Biodegradation: Conc
Page 67 and 68: Dorby, A; Keller, R. 1957. Vapor pr
Page 69 and 70: Johnson, MK. 1975. Organophosphorus
Page 71 and 72: Perry, R; Green, D. 1984. Vapor pre
Page 73 and 74: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tribro
Page 75 and 76: Tribromoneopentyl alcohol: Existing
Page 77 and 78: Results: Male mortality was 2/5 at
Page 79 and 80: Additional Study: An acute inhalati
Page 81 and 82: application, four rabbits displayed
Page 83 and 84: Bladder effects were seen in some o
Page 85 and 86: • Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity
Page 87 and 88: • Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
Page 89 and 90: tissue, one with rabbit tissue) sug
Page 91 and 92: Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 93 and 94: 1-Propanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, tribromo
Page 95 and 96: Environmental Fate Bioconcentration
Page 97 and 98: References AmeriBrom, Inc. 1982a. A
Page 99 and 100: Flame Retardant Alternatives Tris(1
Page 101 and 102: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phospha
Page 103 and 104: Species, strain, sex, number: Rat,
Page 105 and 106: Results: No mortality after 14 days
Page 107 and 108: Additional Studies: Another study,
Page 109 and 110: occurred in treated groups compared
Page 111 and 112: high enough to induce significant r
Page 113 and 114: Doses: 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/da
Page 115 and 116:
mid-dose of 20 mg/kg/day as a LOAEL
Page 117 and 118:
Critical Studies Type: Acute oral d
Page 119 and 120:
English summary and therefore could
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Basis for Conclusion: TDCPP has bee
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Gene Mutation in Vivo: C Sex-linked
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TDCPP administered as 2,000 mg/kg b
Page 127 and 128:
Another study showed that the 96-ho
Page 129 and 130:
Study Reference Akzo- Nobel, Inc.,
Page 131 and 132:
Study Reference Sasaki et al., 1981
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Table 3-2. Summary of available acu
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hours (Unpublished study conducted
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Terrestrial Organism Toxicity Acute
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Oxidation/Reduction: No data Meltin
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pH: This chemical does not contain
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Species Rate Comment Reference Kill
Page 145 and 146:
Pyrolysis Products Reference When h
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Brusick, D; Matheson, D; Jagannath,
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Majeska, JB; Matheson, DW. 1983. Qu
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Thomas, MB; Collier, TA. 1985. Tolg
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Proprietary A: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 159 and 160:
Additional Studies and Information:
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Conclusion: The available subchroni
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Basis for Conclusion: No repeated-e
Page 165 and 166:
Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Stu
Page 167 and 168:
Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinoge
Page 169 and 170:
Basis for Conclusion: The delayed n
Page 171 and 172:
histopathological effects in the ne
Page 173 and 174:
Immunotoxicity (OPPTS Harmonized Gu
Page 175 and 176:
C In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Muta
Page 177 and 178:
Chromosomal Aberration in Vivo: C M
Page 179 and 180:
Aquatic Organism Toxicity Ecotoxici
Page 181 and 182:
Study Reference Species Tested Ref.
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invert
Page 187 and 188:
Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater and
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
CAS MF MW SMILES Physical/Chemical
Page 193 and 194:
Vapor Pressure (torr//C) Reference
Page 195 and 196:
Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 197 and 198:
Study type/ Method Innoculum Acclim
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary B: Aryl phosphate Exist
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ACUTE TOXICITY Human Health Endpoin
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Additional Studies and Information:
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were elevated in all treated groups
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Basis for Conclusion: No pertinent
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Experiment B. Doses were chosen bas
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These studies may be indicated, for
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• Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosom
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• Algal Toxicity (OPPTS Harmonize
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Bioconcentration Fish: No data Daph
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Flame Retardant Alternatives Propri
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Proprietary C: Chloroalkyl phosphat
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Basis for Conclusion: Acute oral to
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Acute Eye Irritation (OPPTS Harmoni
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Critical Studies: Type: Dermal sens
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C Reproduction/Developmental Toxici
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• Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carci
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Gene Mutation in Vitro: • Bacteri
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 239 and 240:
• Acute Oral Toxicity in Birds (O
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Corrosion Characteristics: No data
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determined at 50°C and it was foun
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Proprietary D: Reactive brominated
Page 247 and 248:
Chemical Identity Proprietary D: Re
Page 249 and 250:
Acute Dermal Irritation (OPPTS Harm
Page 251 and 252:
• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
Page 253 and 254:
Gene Mutation in vitro C Bacterial
Page 255 and 256:
• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
Page 261 and 262:
Proprietary E: Tetrabromophthalate
Page 263 and 264:
• Reproduction and Fertility Effe
Page 265 and 266:
GENOTOXICITY Conclusion: No availab
Page 267 and 268:
Acute and Subchronic Toxicity to Te
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
Page 273 and 274:
Proprietary F: Halogenated aryl est
Page 275 and 276:
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 277 and 278:
• Neurotoxicity Screening Battery
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Henry’s Law Constant: No data 9-1
Page 283 and 284:
Anaerobic Biodegradation: No data P
Page 285 and 286:
Proprietary G: Triaryl phosphate, i
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Acute Inhalation Toxicity (OPPTS Ha
Page 291 and 292:
SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY Subchronic Oral
Page 293 and 294:
• Prenatal Developmental Toxicity
Page 295 and 296:
Composition of Proprietary G assaye
Page 297 and 298:
Several components of the [Formulat
Page 299 and 300:
As described in unvalidated robust
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Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Sediment/Water Biodegradation: No d
Page 307 and 308:
Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
Page 309 and 310:
Proprietary H: Halogenated aryl est
Page 311 and 312:
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Conclusion: N
Page 313 and 314:
IMMUNOTOXICITY Conclusion: No avail
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Henry’s Law Constant: No data 11-
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 323 and 324:
Proprietary I: Organic phosphate es
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
CARCINOGENICITY Conclusion: No avai
Page 329 and 330:
No studies were located that were r
Page 331 and 332:
• Chronic Toxicity to Freshwater
Page 333 and 334:
Explosivity: No data Corrosion Char
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 339 and 340:
Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 341 and 342:
Results: No deaths. Clinical signs
Page 343 and 344:
As described in a robust summary, m
Page 345 and 346:
third animal on days 2 and 3 only.
Page 347 and 348:
however, identify target organs tha
Page 349 and 350:
Basis for Conclusion: The only avai
Page 351 and 352:
Basis for Conclusion: The available
Page 353 and 354:
EPA proposed guidelines (Ref. 58).
Page 355 and 356:
[Formulation 2] (typically 43% Prop
Page 357 and 358:
No additional, pertinent acute toxi
Page 359 and 360:
Proprietary J: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 361 and 362:
Odor: No data Oxidation/Reduction C
Page 363 and 364:
Bioconcentration Environmental Fate
Page 365 and 366:
Degradation and Transport Photolysi
Page 367 and 368:
Sediment Temp. T 1/2 Comments Refer
Page 369 and 370:
Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 371 and 372:
Proprietary K: Aryl phosphate CAS M
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Exist
Page 383 and 384:
Proprietary L: Aryl phosphate Synon
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393:
United States Environmental Protect
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