Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4917

CLI as an Effective Deployment Format for Embedded Systems 135
– CLI simplification: mostGIMPLE tree codes closely match what is representable
in CIL, this pass expands the ones that do not follow this rule. The
output of the pass is still GIMPLE but it does not contain tree codes that
the emission pass do not handle. The pass can be executed multiple times to
avoid putting constraints on other passes. It is idempotent by construction.
– Removal of temporary variables: InGIMPLE, expressions are broken down
into a 3-address form, using temporary variables to hold intermediate values.
This pass merges GIMPLE expressions to eliminate such temporary
variables. Intermediate results are simply left on the evaluation stack. This
results in cleaner code and a lower number of locals.
– CLI emission: this pass receives a CIL-simplified GIMPLE form as input
and it produces a CLI assembly file as output.
With these three passes and a minimal target machine description we are able
to support most of C99 1 [14]. More details of the implementation can be found
in [5], and the code is freely available [4].
2.3 CLI to Native Translation
We have implemented a GCC front-end only for a subset of the CLI language,
pragmatically dictated by the need to compile the code produced by our backend.
However, nothing in the design of the front-end forbids us to extend it to
a more complete implementation in the future. The supported features include
most base CIL instructions, direct and indirect calls to static methods, most CIL
types, structures with explicit layout and size (very frequently used by our backend),
constant initializers, limited access to native platform libraries (pInvoke)
support and other less frequently used features required by our back-end. On
the other hand, unsupported features include object model related functionality,
exceptions, garbage collection, reflection and support for generics.
Our front-end is analogous to the GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ) [9] which
compiles JVM bytecodes to native code (GCJ can also directly compile from
Java to native code without using bytecodes). Both front-ends perform the work
that is usually done by a JIT compiler in traditional virtual machines. But
unlike JIT compilers, these front-ends are executed ahead of time. Hence, they
can use much more time-consuming optimizations to generate better code, and
the startup overhead of the JIT compilation is eliminated. In particular, our
front-end compiles CIL using the full set of optimizations available in GCC.
The front-end can compile one or more CLI assemblies into an object file.
The assembly is loaded and its metadata and code streams are parsed. Instead
of writing our own metadata parser, we rely on Mono [3] shared library. Mono
provides a comprehensive API to handle the CLI metadata and it has been easy
to extend where it was lacking some functionality. Hence, the front-end only has
to parse the code stream of the methods to compile.
1 In the interest of time, we skipped a few features that were uninteresting for our
immediate purposes, for example complex numbers.