Thixoforming : Semi-solid Metal Processing

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5.3 Calculations for the Bearing Steel 100Cr6 5.3.1 Phase Diagram A calculated temperature versus mass% C phase diagram for the bearing steel 100Cr6 is shown in Figure 5.9. This steel <strong>solid</strong>ifies completely austenitically (also when microsegregation is taken into account). Below about 900 C cementite formation is expected and below about 750 C pearlite or bainite formation is expected, but the extent of these reactions depends strongly on cooling rate, and if the cooling is fast enough they can be completely absent and the austenite transforms martensitically. Due to microsegregation, some austenite may remain in the microstructure. For more details, see Chapter 3 and P€uttgen et al. [21]. 5.3.2 Solidification The liquid fraction as a function of temperature calculated with different methods is shown in Figure 5.10. For the DICTRA simulation, a cell size of 20 mm and a cooling rate of 20 K min –1 were used. The liquid fraction is given as mole fraction. Both the equilibrium calculation and the modified Scheil calculation are close to the DICTRA Figure 5.9 Calculated temperature versus mass% C phase diagram for 100Cr6. The dashed lines show the allowed interval for C. 5.3 Calculations for the Bearing Steel 100Cr6j159
160j 5 Thermochemical Simulation of Phase Formation Figure 5.10 Molar liquid fraction as a function of temperature for 100Cr6 using equilibrium (<strong>solid</strong>), standard Scheil (dash-dotted), modified Scheil (dotted) and DICTRA (dashed) calculation. simulation. The standard Scheil calculation is completely different. The fact that the equilibrium and DICTRA curve are very close suggests that there is very little segregation, but both Mn and Cr do segregate appreciably. It is not possible to determine the liquid fraction from quenched metallographic samples in this steel [5]. Figure 5.11 shows a DICTRA simulation of quenching from 50% liquid. There is only a gradual change in the composition profiles and there is no possibility of distinguishing the austenite present in the initial state from the austenite formed during quenching. Further details are given in Chapter 3. 5.3.3 Compositional Variations As for X210CrW12, the influence of compositional variations can be quantified in a straightforward manner. In the following, the influence of the composition on a number of key points for 100Cr6 is considered. These are linearized around the standard composition (given in Table 5.1) and given in mass%. They are roughly valid within the composition limits given by, for example, the DIN standard. The liquidus is given by: T L ¼ 1455 C 72D%C 16D%Si 4:0D%Mn 1:2D%Cr ð5:7Þ The temperature at which there is 50% liquid is given by: T 50 ¼ 1418 C 109D%C 26D%Si 5:3D%Mn 0D%Cr ð5:8Þ
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Thixoforming Semi-solid Metal Proce
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Further Reading Herlach, D. M. (ed.
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The Editors Prof. Dr. G. Hirt Insti
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VI Contents 1.3.5.2 Other Aluminium
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VIII Contents 4.6.1 Thixocasting 13
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X Contents 7.4.2 Isothermal Non-ste
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XII Contents 9.4.1.3 Simulation Res
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Preface Semi-solid forming of metal
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XVIII List of Contributors Andreas
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XX List of Contributors Alexander S
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2j 1 Semi-solid Forming of Aluminiu
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10j 1 Semi-solid Forming of Alumini
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Table 1.1 Overview of semi-solid pr
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Part One Material Fundamentals of M
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32j 2 Metallurgical Aspects of SSM
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44j 3 Material Aspects of Steel Thi
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Temperature (ºC) 1550 1500 1450 14
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100j 3 Material Aspects of Steel Th
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106j 4 Design of Al and Al-Li Alloy
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Page 170 and 171: 5 Thermochemical Simulation of Phas
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Page 174 and 175: Figure 5.2 Calculated temperature v
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Page 180 and 181: Figure 5.7 The density of X210CrW12
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Page 188 and 189: area which is available for heat tr
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210j 6 Modelling the Flow Behaviour
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7 A Physical and Micromechanical Mo
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3. Macroscopic averages or homogeni
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displacement boundary conditions or
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and liquid are both assumed to be i
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are the strain rate concentration t
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Semi-solid viscosity (Pa s) into cl
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Load (kN) strain to rupture, leadin
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Load (kN) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 7.5 Con
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adius R radius of the spherical inc
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Part Three Tool Technologies for Fo
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242j 8 Tool Technologies for Formin
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9 Rheocasting of Aluminium Alloys a
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Figure 9.2 Processes for the semi-s
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Two Italian companies gained the fi
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9.2 SSM Casting Processesj317 For t
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Figure 9.7 Oil pump cover for Honda
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Figure 9.9 Middle temperature cours
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Figure 9.12 Components of cartridge
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Figure 9.15 Process adapted multipa
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step-shot experiments. It is also s
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Figure 9.18 (a) Meander tool for fl
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Figure 9.19 (a, b) Wear appears in
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Table 9.2 Temperature determination
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and are plausible on the left. Furt
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Figure 9.27 Development of the micr
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some places can be observed as smal
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Figure 9.31 Simulation of the metal
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Figure 9.33 So-called Constant Temp
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Figure 9.35 Comparison of the micro
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9.4 Rheoroutej347 If rounding of th
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9.4.1.2 Parameters: Cooling to the
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Figure 9.36 Results of the 2D-MICRE
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homogeneous microstructure and no d
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grain fragment density [mm -1 ] 200
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can be considered for rheocasting o
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Figure 9.44 Microstructure of Zr/Sc
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Figure 9.45 MAGMAsoft simulation: c
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The cooling to the process temperat
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D grain diameter of a circle DGM De
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27 Doppelbauer, M. (2003) Wirtschaf
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10 Thixoforging and Rheoforging of
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1970s [7]. Also, the quality of the
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10.3 Heating and Forming Operations
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With the solution of the Equations
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10.3.1.2 Modelling of Inductive Hea
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material properties have to be cons
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10.3 Heating and Forming Operations
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Figure 10.9 Experimental results, d
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Figure 10.12 Segregation in compone
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10.3.4 Thixoforging of Steel In thi
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10.3.5 Thixojoining of Steel In the
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einforcing element. The possibiliti
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Figure 10.20 The robot controller a
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Figure 10.21 Experimental results w
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Figure 10.24 Design and working pri
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The investigations show that the rh
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Figure 10.31 Scheme of the heat tra
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Table 10.2 Definition of boundary c
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Figure 10.35 Experimental and simul
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References 1 Koesling, D., Tinius,
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steel billets into the semi-solid s
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412j 11 Thixoextrusion The followin
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414j 11 Thixoextrusion channel with
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416j 11 Thixoextrusion parameter co
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418j 11 Thixoextrusion Both concept
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420j 11 Thixoextrusion should be ju
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422j 11 Thixoextrusion Figure 11.8
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424j 11 Thixoextrusion Table 11.4 C
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426j 11 Thixoextrusion Temperature
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428j 11 Thixoextrusion impacts. Ext
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432j 11 Thixoextrusion shell format
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436j 11 Thixoextrusion Table 11.6 P
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440j 11 Thixoextrusion solidificati
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442j 11 Thixoextrusion GPa pressure
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444j Index arbitrary volume element
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446j Index equilibrium tests 141 eq
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448j Index - importance 273 ion flu
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450j Index oxygen-sensitive element
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452j Index - thixoforming 241 semi-
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454j Index - high pressure 131 - sc
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Thixoforming : Semi-solid Metal Processing

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