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An integrated framework for office information system design and management5. The Human Side: Conviviality, as a condition for technologicalinnovationAll the concepts can be synthesized into the diagram shown in figure 11. Thisprovides an ordered image of Office Automation and its related factors. Althoughthe diagram may seem complicated, it is in no way arbitrary. It shows the alignedvertex forming the different distinctions which fall within the domain of the Office,the Office Automation and Information Technologies, with Human and SocialFactors, these also include three different levels: individual, group and organization,each placed at the top vertex of its tetrahedron.The third level of complexity arises with the development 'social factors': a consequenceof the complex mesh between humans, office processes and technology inthe Office Automation Axis.SOCIAL FACTORSDIMENSIONOFFICE AUTOMATIONDIMENSIONORGANIZATIONGROUPOFFICEINFORMATIONINDIVIDUALSYSTEMOFFICETECHNOLOGICALSYSTEMTOOL BOXINFORMATION PROCESSINGCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMIC PROCESSESGLOBAL PROCESSINDIVIDUAL PROCESSESOFFICEDIMENSIONCOORDINATIONINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESDIMENSIONFig. 11. Hierarchy of complexity levels as a new view of Office Automation343
Complejidad y Tecnologías de la InformaciónExpanding the personal radius of action can only be achieved if a tool works at theappropriate level. The radius of action of the work group is very different from thatof the individual. If individual tools are used within the context of the work group,it will be at the individual level where they will have an impact but will not modifythe group's radius of action. It can even happen that, rather than expanding, thisradius actually diminishes due to the mismatch between what is expected andwhat is finally obtained.Conviviality is the key to technological innovation itself and to the success of technologyimplementation in work environments. Two aspects of conviviality are userfriendlyinterfaces and ergonomics but Human Factors play a much richer rolewhen people work in groups and organizations.The third complexity level is that of sociotechnical complexity, which arises fromthe interaction between society and technology. It introduces a new domaincompletely different from the ones traditionally considered. Strassmann [30] statesthat between 1960 and 1985 approximately 95 % of the references about OfficeAutomation dealt only with its technological side. Today things are different but itis also possible to go too far and put too much emphasis in human factors forgettingtechnology. Hirschheim's book [8] was an interesting change in focus and a goodexample of the remaining 5%. This kind of complexity can be seen as intrinsic to"human activity systems" , as Checkland defined them [3].Global Processes involve different problems which can be grouped together undera new set of subdomains: a) complexity of technology, b) complexity in matchingtechnology with organizations, and c) complexity in matching technology withhumans. We represent these three subdomains by the schema of figure 12.The subdomains affect the manager. Technology has reached an evolutionarystage where it can, and in fact does, deeply transform organizational structuresand seriously affect human factors in work environments.The growing interest in what has been called Human-Computer Interaction proveshow important the human factor really is.Top managers tend to see their organizations from a global perspective, humanfactors play only a minor role. This point of view, within the traditional organizationalstructure, would not necessarily have serious consequences but technologyprovides both individuals and work groups with a degree of power that makes theHuman Factors concept very critical. This increased processing and communicationpower wielded by individuals and work groups represents a major change withinthe organization.344
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Complejidad y Tecnologíasde la Inf
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Interacciones significativas.......
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Bloque II: El modelo HxIxO=IOCAPÍT
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8. Medidas híbridas...............
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PrólogoPrólogoA primera vista, re
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PrólogoSi se mira desde el prisma
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Prólogoprecisamente en el año de
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PrólogoEn general, puedo decir que
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Complejidad y sistemasCapítulo 4:
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Complejidad y sistemasFig. 1. Jerar
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Las jerarquíasCapítulo 8: Las jer
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Las jerarquíasAsí, en la Astrofí
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Las jerarquíasEn el caso de la cé
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Las jerarquíasVeamos un ejemplo de
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Las jerarquíasDe esta definición
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Las jerarquíasInvitamos al lector
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Las jerarquíasrelojeros recibe a u
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Las jerarquíasNotas bibliográfica
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Textos sobre complejidadBloque II:
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Textos sobre complejidadecuaciones
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Textos sobre complejidadEl precepto
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Las tecnologías de la información
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Page 321 and 322: Complejidad y Tecnologías de la In
Page 324 and 325: El desarrollo del softwareCapítulo
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Page 336 and 337: Iniciativa de Defensa Estratégica
Page 360 and 361: An integrated framework for office
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