EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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Table 8 Cost of Counterfactual Negotiations S/N Name of Activity Date Amount (US$) Attendance 1 TIFA Preparatory October 2008 to 892.9 MDAs + OPS Meetings (5 nos) February 2009 2 TIFA Council Meeting in 30-31 March 2009 50000.0 HMC&I Washington USA MDAs + OPS with US Counterparts 3 International/Meeting on May 2009 & June 428.6 MDAs + OPS Nigeria-Ghana trade (2 nos) 2009 4 Breakfast Meeting on bilateral issues between Nigeria-Ghana June 2009 3571.4 MDAs + OPS 5 International Meeting on Italy June 2009 107.1 MDAs + OPS 6 Visits of Ambassadors June 2009 to 0.0 Ministry India, Indonesia, Taiwan & check September 2009 officials only Source: Computed from field data Another area that is comparable is the Nigeria’s Trade Office in Geneva for which budget data is available. Nigeria maintains a Trade Office permanently in Geneva, which is staffed with the ambassador, three counsellors, one accountant, one secretary, and one driver. The ambassador is a GL 17 officer, the counsellors are about GL 13, the secretary is about GL 08 and the driver is a GL06. The Office in Geneva is a rented office though there are plans underway to purchase one. Table 9 shows that it cost $2.4 million to maintain the Nigeria Trade Office in Geneva, which is several multiples of the amount that has been spent on the EPA negotiations so far. Directly comparable to the EPA costs is the personnel cost which is $787,027.9, also many times more than the EPA costs to date. The differential in the costs has been a sensitive and worrisome issue for Nigeria’s parliamentarians. This is in particular with the extreme position canvassed that Nigeria should pull out of the WTO not only because of the high annual budgetary provision but also for the reason that the benefits cannot be tangibly perceived. Despite the public dislike of WTO, as is with the EPA, Nigeria is more committed to the WTO and believes the WTO will offer more trade gains than the EPA, due to its many aspects of special and differential treatment (SDT) and capacity building as part of the Doha Development Agenda support. Nigeria applied for the GSP+ as an alternative having missed the opportunity to invoke the CPA article related to alternative trading arrangements before 31 December 2007. 133
Table 9 Annual Cost of Nigeria Trade Office, Geneva (2009) External trade sector, Geneva (WTO) Amount in Naira Amount in US$ Expenditure items - Total personnel cost 110183914.8 787,027.96 Salary & wages - general 0 - Consolidated salary - Benefits and allowances – general 110183914.8 787,027.96 Non-regular allowances 110183914.8 787,027.96 Rent subsidy - Social contribution 0 - NHIS - Pension - Total goods and non - personal services - general 121415101.7 867,250.73 Total capital project 105000000 750,000.00 Nigeria trade office (WTO)- Geneva, Switzerland 70000000 500,000.00 Purchase of office accommodation 35000000 250,000.00 Total allocation: 336599016.5 2,404,278.69 Source: Federal Government of Nigeria, Budget 2009. 5. Stakeholders Perspectives on EPA Negotiations In this section, stakeholders’ perspectives on EPA negotiations are presented. The perspectives were obtained from the main actors involved in the EPA negotiations such as head negotiators, other officials from National Planning Commission, Nigerian Export Promotion Council, and external advisers, academics, and civil society. Most of the issues discussed are as follows: The first reason why Nigeria is engaging in EPA despite the availability of other options is due to the fact that Nigeria is not negotiating as a country but under the ECOWAS configuration and it is the leader of the other 15 member countries including Mauritania which depend on Nigeria’s involvement. Essentially, EU prefers to negotiate with the region rather than with the individual country so even if Nigeria preferred to negotiate separately from the rest of the region it was not in line with the original Cotonou agreement. Secondly, it is in the interest of Nigeria to have a strong West Africa. The ECOWAS Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has not progressed in the way it was initially anticipated. The EU/EPA negotiation seems to now be encouraging ECOWAS to start negotiating properly. For the first time West Africa is negotiating as a region, discussing the need to have a common West African policy, the most exclusive being the Common External Tariff (CET), without which a strong ECOWAS and an EPA are considered impossible. Third, Nigeria’s application for GSP+ has twice been rejected by the EU, so Nigeria is without option but to negotiate EPA even though the Cotonou Partnership agreement provides for alternatives. Similarly, other West African countries are engaging in this EPA process with the 134
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EPA Review Annex Documents by Insti
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Part Three: EPAs as Instruments for
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Part One: Literature Review 4
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countries demanded more precision a
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essential and fundamental of EPA (h
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EPA group. However, after phase II
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Disagreements also existed on other
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ules of origin as a basis for negot
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would not meet WTO provisions. Even
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is only just about to conclude an i
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The EC took almost nine months to a
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Caribbean The CARIFORUM EPA was the
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services, CARIFORUM countries commi
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2006. Moreover, PACP countries cons
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Table 3 Main Problems and Divergenc
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4. Final comments The EPA’s negot
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creation) but can also lead to impo
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preferences and hence are likely to
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3. Impact of the EPAs by Region One
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Cape Verde (loss of 4.1% of GDP) an
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SSA ECOWAS CEMAC COMESA EAC Table 2
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Perez (2005) CGE, 2001 base year 80
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Whilst most studies appear to agree
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7. Annex Literature Countries Metho
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Hinkle and Schiff (2004) "Economic
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Milner, Morressey and McKay (2008)
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Karingi et al (2005) “Assessment
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Greenaway and Milner (2003) "a grim
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Perez, R (2005) “ Are the Economi
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Case Studies Lessons 1. Introductio
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trade relation and negotiation matt
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EPAs negotiation process is paralle
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• EPA team The EPA negotiating te
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- State Secretariat of Environment
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Technical Negotiation Group (TNG) m
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spent for these impact assessment s
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Other opportunity costs Another imp
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Since domestic constituencies tend
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Table 11 Negotiating Meetings and R
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• An estimated $214,000 in travel
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The main expectation of the process
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Page 85 and 86: Therefore, while negotiators could
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Page 89 and 90: Ethiopia - List of RNF meetings Amo
Page 91 and 92: Nigeria Cost of EPA negotiation-rel
Page 93 and 94: Dominican Republic Distribution of
Page 95 and 96: 1. Overview of existing resources f
Page 97 and 98: The FTRD that was responsible for b
Page 99 and 100: The support of the NDTPF and the ex
Page 101 and 102: dedicated sessions during the year
Page 103 and 104: Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagasc
Page 105 and 106: 3. Quantification of costs of count
Page 107 and 108: Ethiopia took a clear stance from t
Page 109 and 110: 4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations
Page 111 and 112: 5. Qns: Had you had more resources,
Page 113 and 114: ) Basic knowledge on Cotonou Agreem
Page 115 and 116: Council of ESA Ministers Committee
Page 117 and 118: System Improvement & Human Resource
Page 119 and 120: List of RNF meetings 118 ANNEX VII
Page 121 and 122: EPA Review Study Nigeria December,
Page 123 and 124: contains the quantification of cost
Page 125 and 126: which appear to have crowded out ac
Page 127 and 128: Table 3 Resource Detail of Intra-Af
Page 129 and 130: Table 5 Capacity Building Programme
Page 131 and 132: Table 7 Cost of EPA Negotiation-Rel
Page 133: ADDRESSING THE LABOUR MARKET EFFECT
Page 137 and 138: Though the current negotiating stru
Page 139 and 140: • The simultaneous application of
Page 141 and 142: understand the changing environment
Page 143 and 144: 7. Summary of Findings and Main Les
Page 145 and 146: opportunity cost could be quite sub
Page 147 and 148: • There is adequate technical adv
Page 149 and 150: 5. Appendices Appendix Table 1 Rang
Page 151 and 152: EPA Review Study Dominican Republic
Page 153 and 154: c. Technical Level At a regional le
Page 155 and 156: 2) From the ministers of trade of C
Page 157 and 158: The fact that the DR had previously
Page 159 and 160: - State Secretariat of Foreign Rela
Page 161 and 162: Table 1 Distribution of the Main Tr
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2 CARIFORUM Dimensions Diffe
Page 165 and 166: with the EU, in order to present a
Page 167 and 168: Table 4 Average Monthly Salaries EP
Page 169 and 170: In additional there were eight meet
Page 171 and 172: Per Diem Rate (US$) 500 A- Total of
Page 173 and 174: 5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations
Page 175 and 176: usiness and political levels repres
Page 177 and 178: expectation of increases in exports
Page 179 and 180: 8. Annexes Interviews Name Institut
Page 181 and 182: MAY o 05-06: WTO TWG on NAMA, Barba
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o 10-13: 12 th Meeting of CARIFORUM
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Trinidad & Tobago, 11-15 mayo 2007
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Reviewing services negotiations in
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Table 2 MMain differeences in serrv
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3. Services coverage in the CARIFOR
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In this exercise, it is important t
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196 ANNEX Provisions of the agreeme
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Tariff and Non-tariff barriers in E
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products could be extended until ye
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extended to the original partner. F
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than the rate applied on the proces
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RoO and the EPAs 1. Introduction Ru
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Table 1 Similarity of EAC countries
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that value added in ACP countries o
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The EU has yet to deliver a simple
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arrangements, are constrained by pr
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and non-oil exporting countries wit
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Common Market for Eastern and South
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to be seen. The Ethiopia case study
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fact that countries either export o
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development assistance in the EPA.
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References Bilal, S. and Stevens, C
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SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations 1. B
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The SPS committee provides an oppor
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of equivalence. Clearly, the Econom
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In the case of Ghana, where there i
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which relevant entities within thei
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Specific provisions While the final
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‘.....In addition, the Parties sh
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imparted to EPA signatories. In pra
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of the EC Party when these products
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So what have the EPA negotiations a
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Region/Country Year Total 2002 2003
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country Y
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country N
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EAS SADC EAC Country/Region Mycotox
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Country/Region West Africa CEMAC Co
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Development Finance and EPAs 1. Int
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evenues, one of the main sources of
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References Braun-Munzinger, C. ( 20
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