EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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Summary of negotiating resources The analysis of Nigeria’s trade negotiating resources shows a large bias of resources allocated to WTO issues as compared to EPA and ECOWAS negotiations. This is due mainly to inherited previous ministry structures, as well as political priorities, since the EPAs did not seem a priority until a later stage of negotiations. In addition to the scarcity of technical staff dealing with EPA negotiations, it is striking the lack of economics trained staff. Regarding finance, lack of priority is reflected in very low budgets for the EPAs, which required additional support from donors. This support has been translated in the formulation of evaluation studies. Interestingly, the fact that most of these studies have been donor funded has raised perceptions of lack of ownership in negotiating strategies. Despite these perceptions, there is no clear evidence that donor support has managed to change any perceptions around EPAs or to induce more engagement. Dominican Republic Trade negotiation structure In 1996 after a change in government led by President Leonel Fernandez, the D.R. started a process of openness. As a result, the D.R. started negotiating different trade agreements and strengthening the trade negotiation team. In 1997, the D.R. initiated its first trade negotiations with the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM), and a few months later with the countries of the Central American Common Market. In 1998, the FTA with Central American was concluded, as well as the FTA with CARICOM. At the beginning of the year 2000 both agreements were ratified and implementation started. During the process of both negotiations, the Dominican authorities had the opportunity to test the new structure for conducting trade negotiations, strengthening its interaction with civil society. In both cases, the private sectors participated in the negotiating round in the “room next door” and coordinated its position in advance. The National Commission of Trade Negotiations (CNNC) has primary responsibility for developing and coordinating trade policy. It was established under the Presidential Decree No 74-99, as an interagency trade policy mechanism for trade negotiation and implementation. The CNNC is headed, and coordinated, by the Secretary of the Foreign Affairs (SEREX). It is composed of different government (GODR) agencies and offices, responsible for developing and coordinating negotiations on international trade and trade related issues: - State Secretariat of Foreign Relations (SEREX) - State Secretariat of Industry and Commerce (SEIC) - State Secretariat of Agriculture (SEA) - State Secretariat of Treasury (SEH) - Export and Investment Centre (CEI-RD) - Central Bank - National Free Zone Council (CNZFE) - Custom Administration (DGA) - State Secretariat of Labour 65
- State Secretariat of Environment - State Secretariat of Economy and Planning The CNNC management team is currently led by an Ambassador, in charge of trade negotiations for all regional and bilateral forums, as well as for issues related to the WTO. The Ambassador for Trade Negotiations has lead responsibilities for conducting international trade negotiations. A group of approximately seven experts from SEREX serves as different forum coordinators, but there are no experts in negotiating disciplines (i.e. services or SPS). The SEREX staff assigned to the CNNC work as a support division that provides essential administrative services and coordinate agendas among the different forums. The CNNC staff worked in all trade negotiations, multilateral, bilateral or regional, however for each venue it has a coordinator. Due to the complexities of bilateral or regional trade negotiations historically, the D.R. has conducted one trade negotiation at a time, although there has been some overlapping in the past. For each negotiation a coordinator is appointed, who is chosen for both their background and expertise. As for each of the specialised topics in the negotiations, it falls into the responsibilities of the trade specialist in each of the D.R. institutions prior described. 92 Human resources • Skills The following table presents the level of participation by each ministry and the level of skills. Most member have postgraduate studies, and in areas of economics. Table 5 Distribution of the Main Trade Negotiators among D.R. institutions Number of Negotiators Principal Ministry State Secretary of Foreign Affairs Others EPA Lead Negotiator (SEREX) Ministries Level Of Skills Minister 1 Masters Degree Under Secretary- Team Leader 1 Masters Degree Advisors Market Access 1 Masters Degree Team Leader 1 Masters Degree Technicians Agriculture 1 3 Masters Degree Team Leader 1 PHD Technicians Services and Investments 2 Masters Degree Team Leader 1 Masters Degree 92 For D.R.-CAFTA negotiation, a special office was created. The Special Office for D.R.-CAFTA Negotiations was established under the Secretary of Industry and Commerce. This was the first instance that trade negotiations were conducted by a special office, instead of CNNC. There was a strategic interest in joining CAFTA since it was feared that under the Caribbean Basin Initiative apparel exporters in D.R. would be disadvantaged with respect Central America if the R was left out of CAFTA. 66
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EPA Review Annex Documents by Insti
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Part Three: EPAs as Instruments for
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Part One: Literature Review 4
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countries demanded more precision a
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essential and fundamental of EPA (h
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EPA group. However, after phase II
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Disagreements also existed on other
Page 15 and 16: ules of origin as a basis for negot
Page 17 and 18: would not meet WTO provisions. Even
Page 19 and 20: is only just about to conclude an i
Page 21 and 22: The EC took almost nine months to a
Page 23 and 24: Caribbean The CARIFORUM EPA was the
Page 25 and 26: services, CARIFORUM countries commi
Page 27 and 28: 2006. Moreover, PACP countries cons
Page 29 and 30: Table 3 Main Problems and Divergenc
Page 31 and 32: 4. Final comments The EPA’s negot
Page 33 and 34: creation) but can also lead to impo
Page 35 and 36: preferences and hence are likely to
Page 37 and 38: 3. Impact of the EPAs by Region One
Page 39 and 40: Cape Verde (loss of 4.1% of GDP) an
Page 41 and 42: SSA ECOWAS CEMAC COMESA EAC Table 2
Page 43 and 44: Perez (2005) CGE, 2001 base year 80
Page 45 and 46: Whilst most studies appear to agree
Page 47 and 48: 7. Annex Literature Countries Metho
Page 49 and 50: Hinkle and Schiff (2004) "Economic
Page 51 and 52: Milner, Morressey and McKay (2008)
Page 53 and 54: Karingi et al (2005) “Assessment
Page 55 and 56: Greenaway and Milner (2003) "a grim
Page 57 and 58: Perez, R (2005) “ Are the Economi
Page 59 and 60: Case Studies Lessons 1. Introductio
Page 61 and 62: trade relation and negotiation matt
Page 63 and 64: EPAs negotiation process is paralle
Page 65: • EPA team The EPA negotiating te
Page 69 and 70: Technical Negotiation Group (TNG) m
Page 71 and 72: spent for these impact assessment s
Page 73 and 74: Other opportunity costs Another imp
Page 75 and 76: Since domestic constituencies tend
Page 77 and 78: Table 11 Negotiating Meetings and R
Page 79 and 80: • An estimated $214,000 in travel
Page 81 and 82: The main expectation of the process
Page 83 and 84: Commission was forced to take up th
Page 85 and 86: Therefore, while negotiators could
Page 87 and 88: System Improvement & Human Resource
Page 89 and 90: Ethiopia - List of RNF meetings Amo
Page 91 and 92: Nigeria Cost of EPA negotiation-rel
Page 93 and 94: Dominican Republic Distribution of
Page 95 and 96: 1. Overview of existing resources f
Page 97 and 98: The FTRD that was responsible for b
Page 99 and 100: The support of the NDTPF and the ex
Page 101 and 102: dedicated sessions during the year
Page 103 and 104: Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagasc
Page 105 and 106: 3. Quantification of costs of count
Page 107 and 108: Ethiopia took a clear stance from t
Page 109 and 110: 4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations
Page 111 and 112: 5. Qns: Had you had more resources,
Page 113 and 114: ) Basic knowledge on Cotonou Agreem
Page 115 and 116: Council of ESA Ministers Committee
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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List of RNF meetings 118 ANNEX VII
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EPA Review Study Nigeria December,
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contains the quantification of cost
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which appear to have crowded out ac
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Table 3 Resource Detail of Intra-Af
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Table 5 Capacity Building Programme
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Table 7 Cost of EPA Negotiation-Rel
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ADDRESSING THE LABOUR MARKET EFFECT
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Table 9 Annual Cost of Nigeria Trad
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Though the current negotiating stru
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• The simultaneous application of
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understand the changing environment
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7. Summary of Findings and Main Les
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opportunity cost could be quite sub
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• There is adequate technical adv
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5. Appendices Appendix Table 1 Rang
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EPA Review Study Dominican Republic
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c. Technical Level At a regional le
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2) From the ministers of trade of C
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The fact that the DR had previously
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- State Secretariat of Foreign Rela
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Table 1 Distribution of the Main Tr
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Figure 2 CARIFORUM Dimensions Diffe
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with the EU, in order to present a
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Table 4 Average Monthly Salaries EP
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In additional there were eight meet
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Per Diem Rate (US$) 500 A- Total of
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5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations
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usiness and political levels repres
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expectation of increases in exports
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8. Annexes Interviews Name Institut
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MAY o 05-06: WTO TWG on NAMA, Barba
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o 05-06: Joint Meeting of the Prime
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o 10-13: 12 th Meeting of CARIFORUM
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Trinidad & Tobago, 11-15 mayo 2007
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Reviewing services negotiations in
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Table 2 MMain differeences in serrv
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3. Services coverage in the CARIFOR
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In this exercise, it is important t
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196 ANNEX Provisions of the agreeme
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Tariff and Non-tariff barriers in E
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products could be extended until ye
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extended to the original partner. F
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than the rate applied on the proces
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RoO and the EPAs 1. Introduction Ru
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Table 1 Similarity of EAC countries
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that value added in ACP countries o
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The EU has yet to deliver a simple
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arrangements, are constrained by pr
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and non-oil exporting countries wit
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Common Market for Eastern and South
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to be seen. The Ethiopia case study
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fact that countries either export o
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development assistance in the EPA.
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References Bilal, S. and Stevens, C
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SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations 1. B
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The SPS committee provides an oppor
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of equivalence. Clearly, the Econom
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In the case of Ghana, where there i
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which relevant entities within thei
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Specific provisions While the final
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‘.....In addition, the Parties sh
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imparted to EPA signatories. In pra
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of the EC Party when these products
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So what have the EPA negotiations a
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Region/Country Year Total 2002 2003
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country Y
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country N
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EAS SADC EAC Country/Region Mycotox
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Country/Region West Africa CEMAC Co
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Development Finance and EPAs 1. Int
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evenues, one of the main sources of
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References Braun-Munzinger, C. ( 20
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EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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