EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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EAC Swaziland Yes Yes Burundi Yes Yes Kenya Yes Yes Rwanda Yes Yes Tanzania Yes Yes Uganda Yes Yes Region Country National Enquiry CARIFORUM PACP 241 Point National Notification Authority Antigua and Barbuda Yes Yes Bahamas No No Barbados Yes Yes Belize Yes Yes Dominica Yes Yes Dominican Republic Yes Yes Grenada Yes Yes Guyana Yes Yes Haiti Yes Yes Jamaica Yes Yes St. Kitts and Nevis Yes Yes St. Lucia Yes Yes St. Vincent/Grenadines Yes Yes Suriname Yes Yes Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes Cook Islands No No Fiji Yes Yes Kiribati No No Marshall Islands No No Micronesia No No Nauru No No Niue No No Palau No No Papua New Guinea Yes Yes Samoa No No Solomon Islands Yes Yes Tonga Yes No Tuvalu No No Vanuatu No No This is even more explicit in the interim agreement between the EC and SADC where reference is made to the establishment of an ‘early warning system’ in Article 61 Part 1: ‘The Parties agree to establish an early-warning system to ensure that the SADC EPA States are informed in advance of new EC SPS measures that may affect SADC EPA exports to the EU. This system shall be based on existing mechanisms where appropriate.’ Given the limited capacity of many of the parties to the EPA negotiations to comply with new SPS measures is limited, any mechanism that provides for a longer compliance period is to be welcomed. What is not clear from the language of the agreements to date, however, is the stage in the elaboration of new or revised SPS measures at which information will be
imparted to EPA signatories. In practice, the benefits in terms of the delivery of more detailed and/or timelier information could be quite limited. In a number of the final or interim agreements, often rather weak language suggests more direct communications between the EU and the ACP signatories in the event of SPS-related trade problems. In some cases, however, a more affirmative commitment is stated. For example, Article 63 of the interim agreement between the EC and SADC states: ‘If either Party or an SADC EPA State, as the case may be, considers that another Party has taken measures which are likely to affect, or have affected, access to its market, appropriate consultations will be held with a view to avoiding undue delays and finding an appropriate solution in conformity with the WTO SPS Agreement. In this regard, the Parties shall exchange names and addresses of contact points with sanitary and phytosanitary expertise in order to facilitate communication and the exchange of information.’ Likewise, Article 39 Part 2 of the interim agreement between the EC and the Pacific states indicates: ‘The Parties shall inform and consult each other as early as possible with a view to finding a mutually agreed solution when an SPS or TBT-related measures results in a barrier to trade.’ In addition to reaffirmation and/or extension of the transparency mechanisms of the SPS Agreement, many of the final or draft agreements envisage information exchange across a broader range of SPS issues. Examples include collaboration on epidemiological surveillance on animal disease and exchange of information on the occurrence of plants pests that are an immediate danger. Harmonisation The SPS Agreement puts significant emphasis on the harmonisation of SPS measures, predominantly through WTO Members basing their measures on the international standards, guidelines or recommendations established by Codex Alimentarius, OIE and the IPPC. A number of the final or interim agreements make reference to the harmonisation of SPS measures predominantly between the ACP signatories at the regional level and with international standards. The strength of the associated language, however, differs widely. The final agreement between the EC and CARIFORUM in Article 56 Point 2 states: ‘In this regard, the Parties agree on the importance of establishing harmonised SPS measures both in the EC Party and between CARIFORUM States and undertake to cooperate to this end. The Parties also agree to consult with the aim of achieving bilateral arrangements on recognition of the equivalence of specified SPS measures.’ At the other extreme, Article 46 Part 1 the interim agreement between the EC and Central Africa makes a firm and time-limited commitment towards the harmonisation of SPS measures: “The Central Africa Party undertakes to harmonise the standards and other measures within the scope of this Chapter at regional level within four years of this Agreement’s entry into force.” In the latter case, while the EPA is clearly seen to drive an agenda towards regional harmonisation, it is also linked to a specific commitment for the parties to cooperate in the 242
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EPA Review Annex Documents by Insti
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Part Three: EPAs as Instruments for
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Part One: Literature Review 4
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countries demanded more precision a
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essential and fundamental of EPA (h
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EPA group. However, after phase II
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Disagreements also existed on other
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ules of origin as a basis for negot
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would not meet WTO provisions. Even
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is only just about to conclude an i
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The EC took almost nine months to a
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Caribbean The CARIFORUM EPA was the
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services, CARIFORUM countries commi
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2006. Moreover, PACP countries cons
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Table 3 Main Problems and Divergenc
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4. Final comments The EPA’s negot
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creation) but can also lead to impo
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preferences and hence are likely to
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3. Impact of the EPAs by Region One
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Cape Verde (loss of 4.1% of GDP) an
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SSA ECOWAS CEMAC COMESA EAC Table 2
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Perez (2005) CGE, 2001 base year 80
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Whilst most studies appear to agree
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7. Annex Literature Countries Metho
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Hinkle and Schiff (2004) "Economic
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Milner, Morressey and McKay (2008)
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Karingi et al (2005) “Assessment
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Greenaway and Milner (2003) "a grim
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Perez, R (2005) “ Are the Economi
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Case Studies Lessons 1. Introductio
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trade relation and negotiation matt
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EPAs negotiation process is paralle
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• EPA team The EPA negotiating te
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- State Secretariat of Environment
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Technical Negotiation Group (TNG) m
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spent for these impact assessment s
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Other opportunity costs Another imp
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Since domestic constituencies tend
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Table 11 Negotiating Meetings and R
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• An estimated $214,000 in travel
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The main expectation of the process
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Commission was forced to take up th
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Therefore, while negotiators could
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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Ethiopia - List of RNF meetings Amo
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Nigeria Cost of EPA negotiation-rel
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Dominican Republic Distribution of
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1. Overview of existing resources f
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The FTRD that was responsible for b
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The support of the NDTPF and the ex
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dedicated sessions during the year
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Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagasc
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3. Quantification of costs of count
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Ethiopia took a clear stance from t
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4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations
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5. Qns: Had you had more resources,
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) Basic knowledge on Cotonou Agreem
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Council of ESA Ministers Committee
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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List of RNF meetings 118 ANNEX VII
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EPA Review Study Nigeria December,
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contains the quantification of cost
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which appear to have crowded out ac
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Table 3 Resource Detail of Intra-Af
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Table 5 Capacity Building Programme
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Table 7 Cost of EPA Negotiation-Rel
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ADDRESSING THE LABOUR MARKET EFFECT
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Table 9 Annual Cost of Nigeria Trad
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Though the current negotiating stru
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• The simultaneous application of
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understand the changing environment
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7. Summary of Findings and Main Les
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opportunity cost could be quite sub
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• There is adequate technical adv
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5. Appendices Appendix Table 1 Rang
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EPA Review Study Dominican Republic
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c. Technical Level At a regional le
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2) From the ministers of trade of C
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The fact that the DR had previously
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- State Secretariat of Foreign Rela
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Table 1 Distribution of the Main Tr
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Figure 2 CARIFORUM Dimensions Diffe
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with the EU, in order to present a
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Table 4 Average Monthly Salaries EP
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In additional there were eight meet
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Per Diem Rate (US$) 500 A- Total of
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5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations
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usiness and political levels repres
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expectation of increases in exports
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8. Annexes Interviews Name Institut
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MAY o 05-06: WTO TWG on NAMA, Barba
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o 05-06: Joint Meeting of the Prime
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o 10-13: 12 th Meeting of CARIFORUM
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Trinidad & Tobago, 11-15 mayo 2007
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Reviewing services negotiations in
Page 191 and 192: Table 2 MMain differeences in serrv
Page 193 and 194: 3. Services coverage in the CARIFOR
Page 195 and 196: In this exercise, it is important t
Page 197 and 198: 196 ANNEX Provisions of the agreeme
Page 199 and 200: Tariff and Non-tariff barriers in E
Page 201 and 202: products could be extended until ye
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Page 205 and 206: than the rate applied on the proces
Page 207 and 208: RoO and the EPAs 1. Introduction Ru
Page 209 and 210: Table 1 Similarity of EAC countries
Page 211 and 212: that value added in ACP countries o
Page 213 and 214: The EU has yet to deliver a simple
Page 215 and 216: arrangements, are constrained by pr
Page 217 and 218: and non-oil exporting countries wit
Page 219 and 220: Common Market for Eastern and South
Page 221 and 222: to be seen. The Ethiopia case study
Page 223 and 224: fact that countries either export o
Page 225 and 226: development assistance in the EPA.
Page 227 and 228: References Bilal, S. and Stevens, C
Page 229 and 230: SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations 1. B
Page 231 and 232: The SPS committee provides an oppor
Page 233 and 234: of equivalence. Clearly, the Econom
Page 235 and 236: In the case of Ghana, where there i
Page 237 and 238: which relevant entities within thei
Page 239 and 240: Specific provisions While the final
Page 241: ‘.....In addition, the Parties sh
Page 245 and 246: of the EC Party when these products
Page 247 and 248: So what have the EPA negotiations a
Page 249 and 250: Region/Country Year Total 2002 2003
Page 251 and 252: EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country Y
Page 253 and 254: EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country N
Page 255 and 256: EAS SADC EAC Country/Region Mycotox
Page 257 and 258: Country/Region West Africa CEMAC Co
Page 259 and 260: Development Finance and EPAs 1. Int
Page 261 and 262: evenues, one of the main sources of
Page 263: References Braun-Munzinger, C. ( 20
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EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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