EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 Part One: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 4 Description of the EPA negotiation process ................................................................ 5 1. The Negotiation Process .................................................................................... 5 2. Phase II ............................................................................................................... 9 3. Summary of the Interim EPAs .......................................................................... 27 4. Final comments ................................................................................................ 30 Survey of the Empirical Evidence on the Impact of EPAs on ACP countries ......... 31 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 31 2. The Economics of Preferential Liberalisation ................................................... 31 3. Impact of the EPAs by Region .......................................................................... 36 4. The Dynamic Effects of Trade Liberalisation and Deep Integration ................. 44 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 44 7. Annex ................................................................................................................ 46 Part Two: Country Case Studies ................................................................................. 57 Case Studies Lessons .................................................................................................. 58 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 58 2. Trade negotiating resources ............................................................................. 59 3. The costs of EPAs ............................................................................................ 68 4. Perceptions and lessons of the process ........................................................... 79 5. Main Lessons of the case studies ..................................................................... 83 6. Appendix ........................................................................................................... 86 EPA Review Study, Ethiopia, November 2009 ............................................................ 93 1. Overview of existing resources for trade negotiations ...................................... 94 2. Quantification of costs incurred during EPA trade negotiations ...................... 101 3. Quantification of costs of counterfactual negotiations .................................... 104 4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations .................................................................. 108 5. Main lessons leant from negotiations ............................................................. 108 EPA Review Study, Nigeria, December 2009 ............................................................ 120 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 121 2. Overview of Existing Resources for Trade Negotiations ................................ 122 3. Costs incurred during EPA Negotiations ........................................................ 128 4. Costs of Counterfactual Negotiations ............................................................. 132 5. Appendices ..................................................................................................... 148 EPA Review Study, Dominican Republic, December 2009 ..................................... 150 1. Background to the EPA’s ................................................................................ 151 2. Importance of the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) in the outcome of the negotiations ................................................................................... 155 3. The Dominican Republic Trade Negotiation Processes ................................. 157 4. Quantifications of cost incurred during EPA trade negotiations. ..................... 167 5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations ................................................................... 172 6. Analysis of cost and benefits from EPAs ........................................................ 173 7. Lessons learned ............................................................................................. 176 8. Annexes .......................................................................................................... 178 1
Part Three: EPAs as Instruments for Development ................................................. 187 Reviewing services negotiations in EU-ACP EPAs ................................................. 188 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 188 2. Taking stock of services negotiations in the interim EPAs ............................. 189 3. Services coverage in the CARIFORUM-EU EPA ........................................... 192 4. Lessons for future negotiations ....................................................................... 193 5. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 194 References ............................................................................................................. 195 Tariff and Non-tariff barriers in EPAS ....................................................................... 198 1. Analysis of the schedules of liberalisation in light of the WTO compatibility ... 198 2. The Most Favourable Nation Clause in the context of EPAs .......................... 201 3. Export taxes .................................................................................................... 203 References ............................................................................................................. 205 RoO and the EPAs ...................................................................................................... 206 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 206 2. Cumulation ...................................................................................................... 206 3. Scope for fragmentation? ............................................................................... 207 4. Compatibility and Complexity ......................................................................... 209 5. Differences Across EU RoO regimes ............................................................. 210 6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 211 References ............................................................................................................. 212 EPAs and Regional Integration .................................................................................. 213 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 213 2. The Rationale of EPA Negotiation Configurations in Africa ............................ 215 3. The EPA Negotiations Process and African Regional Integration .................. 217 4. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 224 References ............................................................................................................. 226 SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations ............................................................................... 228 1. Background ..................................................................................................... 228 2. Evidence that SPS measures are a problem for ACP countries ..................... 228 3. SPS measures in EU trade agreements ......................................................... 231 4. SPS measures in the final and interim EPAs .................................................. 232 5. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 245 References ............................................................................................................. 257 Development Finance and EPAs ............................................................................... 258 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 258 2. A Long Process: Development Assistance During the Negotiations .............. 258 3. Development Cooperation and Finance in the EPAs ..................................... 259 4. Where are the Financial Resources Coming From? ....................................... 259 5. But Finance for What…The Needs ................................................................. 259 6. The EDF and Other Development Finance Instruments ................................. 260 7. Summing Up ................................................................................................... 261 References ............................................................................................................. 262 2
Page 1: EPA Review Annex Documents by Insti
Page 5 and 6: Part One: Literature Review 4
Page 7 and 8: countries demanded more precision a
Page 9 and 10: essential and fundamental of EPA (h
Page 11 and 12: EPA group. However, after phase II
Page 13 and 14: Disagreements also existed on other
Page 15 and 16: ules of origin as a basis for negot
Page 17 and 18: would not meet WTO provisions. Even
Page 19 and 20: is only just about to conclude an i
Page 21 and 22: The EC took almost nine months to a
Page 23 and 24: Caribbean The CARIFORUM EPA was the
Page 25 and 26: services, CARIFORUM countries commi
Page 27 and 28: 2006. Moreover, PACP countries cons
Page 29 and 30: Table 3 Main Problems and Divergenc
Page 31 and 32: 4. Final comments The EPA’s negot
Page 33 and 34: creation) but can also lead to impo
Page 35 and 36: preferences and hence are likely to
Page 37 and 38: 3. Impact of the EPAs by Region One
Page 39 and 40: Cape Verde (loss of 4.1% of GDP) an
Page 41 and 42: SSA ECOWAS CEMAC COMESA EAC Table 2
Page 43 and 44: Perez (2005) CGE, 2001 base year 80
Page 45 and 46: Whilst most studies appear to agree
Page 47 and 48: 7. Annex Literature Countries Metho
Page 49 and 50: Hinkle and Schiff (2004) "Economic
Page 51 and 52: Milner, Morressey and McKay (2008)
Page 53 and 54:
Karingi et al (2005) “Assessment
Page 55 and 56:
Greenaway and Milner (2003) "a grim
Page 57 and 58:
Perez, R (2005) “ Are the Economi
Page 59 and 60:
Case Studies Lessons 1. Introductio
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trade relation and negotiation matt
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EPAs negotiation process is paralle
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• EPA team The EPA negotiating te
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- State Secretariat of Environment
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Technical Negotiation Group (TNG) m
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spent for these impact assessment s
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Other opportunity costs Another imp
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Since domestic constituencies tend
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Table 11 Negotiating Meetings and R
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• An estimated $214,000 in travel
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The main expectation of the process
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Commission was forced to take up th
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Therefore, while negotiators could
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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Ethiopia - List of RNF meetings Amo
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Nigeria Cost of EPA negotiation-rel
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Dominican Republic Distribution of
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1. Overview of existing resources f
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The FTRD that was responsible for b
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The support of the NDTPF and the ex
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dedicated sessions during the year
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Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagasc
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3. Quantification of costs of count
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Ethiopia took a clear stance from t
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4. Perspectives on EPA negotiations
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5. Qns: Had you had more resources,
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) Basic knowledge on Cotonou Agreem
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Council of ESA Ministers Committee
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System Improvement & Human Resource
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List of RNF meetings 118 ANNEX VII
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EPA Review Study Nigeria December,
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contains the quantification of cost
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which appear to have crowded out ac
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Table 3 Resource Detail of Intra-Af
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Table 5 Capacity Building Programme
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Table 7 Cost of EPA Negotiation-Rel
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ADDRESSING THE LABOUR MARKET EFFECT
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Table 9 Annual Cost of Nigeria Trad
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Though the current negotiating stru
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• The simultaneous application of
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understand the changing environment
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7. Summary of Findings and Main Les
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opportunity cost could be quite sub
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• There is adequate technical adv
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5. Appendices Appendix Table 1 Rang
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EPA Review Study Dominican Republic
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c. Technical Level At a regional le
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2) From the ministers of trade of C
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The fact that the DR had previously
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- State Secretariat of Foreign Rela
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Table 1 Distribution of the Main Tr
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Figure 2 CARIFORUM Dimensions Diffe
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with the EU, in order to present a
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Table 4 Average Monthly Salaries EP
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In additional there were eight meet
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Per Diem Rate (US$) 500 A- Total of
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5. Perspectives of EPA negotiations
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usiness and political levels repres
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expectation of increases in exports
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8. Annexes Interviews Name Institut
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MAY o 05-06: WTO TWG on NAMA, Barba
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o 05-06: Joint Meeting of the Prime
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o 10-13: 12 th Meeting of CARIFORUM
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Trinidad & Tobago, 11-15 mayo 2007
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Reviewing services negotiations in
Page 191 and 192:
Table 2 MMain differeences in serrv
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3. Services coverage in the CARIFOR
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In this exercise, it is important t
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196 ANNEX Provisions of the agreeme
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Tariff and Non-tariff barriers in E
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products could be extended until ye
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extended to the original partner. F
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than the rate applied on the proces
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RoO and the EPAs 1. Introduction Ru
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Table 1 Similarity of EAC countries
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that value added in ACP countries o
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The EU has yet to deliver a simple
Page 215 and 216:
arrangements, are constrained by pr
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and non-oil exporting countries wit
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Common Market for Eastern and South
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to be seen. The Ethiopia case study
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fact that countries either export o
Page 225 and 226:
development assistance in the EPA.
Page 227 and 228:
References Bilal, S. and Stevens, C
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SPS Issues in EPA Negotiations 1. B
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The SPS committee provides an oppor
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of equivalence. Clearly, the Econom
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In the case of Ghana, where there i
Page 237 and 238:
which relevant entities within thei
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Specific provisions While the final
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‘.....In addition, the Parties sh
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imparted to EPA signatories. In pra
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of the EC Party when these products
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So what have the EPA negotiations a
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Region/Country Year Total 2002 2003
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country Y
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EAC CARIFORUM PACP Region/Country N
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EAS SADC EAC Country/Region Mycotox
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Country/Region West Africa CEMAC Co
Page 259 and 260:
Development Finance and EPAs 1. Int
Page 261 and 262:
evenues, one of the main sources of
Page 263:
References Braun-Munzinger, C. ( 20
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EPA Review Annex Documents - DFID

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